Morbidity Involving the Hallucinogenic Designer Amines MDA and 2C‐I*

Abstract: A case is presented of a 39‐year‐old woman who suffered severe debilitation because of a hemorrhagic stroke in the context of substance abuse. The patient presented to the emergency room with rapidly diminishing mental status, hypertension, and vasoconstriction; her friends provided a history of ingestion of cocaine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 2C‐I, a novel designer amine. A multi‐targeted LC‐MS/MS method for sympathomimetic amines and related drugs in urine detected and quantified 2C‐I and MDA, while ruling out MDMA. The cause of the stroke was determined to be an underlying cerebrovascular abnormality called Moyamoya, secondary to substance abuse. In clinical laboratories, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) confirmation of a positive amphetamine immunoassay is usually directed only towards amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA. This report demonstrates the utility of testing for a wider menu of compounds using LC‐MS/MS in order to better characterize the prevalence and toxicities of novel amines such as 2C‐I.     

建国初期司法改革运动述评

建国初期的司法改革运动是新中国法制建设史上的重大事件。开展此次运动是当时巩固人民政权、实行人民民主专政、维护革命秩序的要求,成绩很大。但是由于对旧法观点包括西方资本主义国家的法律思想未能采取实事求是的态度而予以全盘否定,对新中国后来的法制建设和法学发展产生了不可低估的负面影响。回顾、总结此次运动的经验和教训,正确处理法律的阶级性与普世性、司法与政治、司法官职业化与司法大众化以及司法程序化与司法便民化之间的关系,对于当前进行的司法体制和工作机制改革具有重要的现实意义。     

Assessment of PowerPlex® Fusion 5C’s ability to type degraded DNA

DNA samples collected at crime scenes are often degraded so this research focused on the ability of the Promega PowerPlex® Fusion 5C amplification kit to type both naturally and artificially degraded DNA.DNA was degraded naturally by placing equal volumes of blood on white fabric that was stored either inside, outside in a shaded area, or outside in direct sunlight. Samples were then collected every 10 days for 60 days and the DNA extracted (QIAamp® DNA Investigator). Artificially degraded samples were created by exposing extracted DNA to either UV light or 95 °C heat for varying times. DNA was also degraded artificially by placing blood samples into a 50% bleach solution for varying times prior to extraction.Following sample treatment, standard forensic DNA analysis was performed including quantification (Investigator® Quantiplex) and amplification (PowerPlex® Fusion 5C). Separation and detection were performed on an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis unit and analysis was performed using GeneMapper ID v3.2.1.While the time and shade samples showed similar amounts of degradation, the samples exposed to direct sun showed more degradation. The artificially degraded samples showed more signs of degradation such as reduced overall peak height and peak height imbalance at heterozygous loci. There were also some cases where an allele that was known to be in the profile exhibited total dropout. Although there were some instances of both allelic dropout and heterozygote peak imbalance, PowerPlex® Fusion was able to reliably type degraded DNA as all alleles detected were consistent with the known donor profile. The results show that PowerPlex® Fusion is a robust kit capable of handling forensically challenged samples.     

Illusions of Relevance? An Australian Encounter with Malay History and Southeast Asian Security

A. C. Milner’s visiting inaugural at N.U.S. invites exploration of its author’s intellectual development, for he boldly claims a role for an Australian historian of Southeast Asia as a promoter of liberal governance for Southeast Asian societies, in face of militant Islamism. His earlier “postmodernist” commitment to “getting inside the Malay experience” constitutes some sort of precursor, but relativist scepticism fits as uncomfortably as does, in its own way, advocacy of Australian tolerance of Asian authoritarianism. In attacking Leifer’s Realism, the lecture seems ill-informed, while the post-war Oakeshott is scarcely relevant to the diverse societies of Southeast Asia.

酸枣仁皂苷A对脂多糖诱导星形胶质细胞C6氧化损伤的保护作用

目的 采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导星形胶质细胞C6的氧化应激模型,以研究酸枣仁皂苷A（Jujuboside A,JuA）的抗氧化活性。方法 体外培养大鼠星形胶质细胞C6。采用MTT法检测各组细胞的存活率,采用Western blot法检测星形胶质细胞标记蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）的活化情况,采用Griess还原法测定细胞上清液中一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）水平,采用流式细胞术检测各组细胞中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,采用ELISA测定各组细胞内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和谷胱甘肽（L-glutathione,GSH）水平以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性。结果 0.125～50 μmol/L JuA对C6细胞存活率无明显影响（P＞0.05）;1 μg/mL LPS可以明显升高C6细胞GFAP蛋白表达水平,显著升高细胞上清液中NO和细胞内ROS、MDA水平,降低细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与LPS组比较,12.5、25、50 μmol/L JuA可以明显抑制LPS诱导的GFAP表达,降低细胞上清液中NO水平,降低细胞内ROS、MDA水平,升高细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 JuA对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

DNA Barcoding in Forensic Entomology – Establishing a DNA Reference Library of Potentially Forensic Relevant Arthropod Species,

Throughout the years, DNA barcoding has gained in importance in forensic entomology as it leads to fast and reliable species determination. High‐quality results, however, can only be achieved with a comprehensive DNA barcode reference database at hand. In collaboration with the Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, we have initiated at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology the establishment of a reference library containing arthropods of potential forensic relevance to be used for DNA barcoding applications. CO1‐5P’ DNA barcode sequences of hundreds of arthropods were obtained via DNA extraction, PCR and Sanger Sequencing, leading to the establishment of a database containing 502 high‐quality sequences which provide coverage for 88 arthropod species. Furthermore, we demonstrate an application example of this library using it as a backbone to a high throughput sequencing analysis of arthropod bulk samples collected from human corpses, which enabled the identification of 31 different arthropod Barcode Index Numbers.     

加强对富人的领导是新形势下执政党的重要任务

中国共产党自诞生之日起就是为广大人民谋利益的,通过民主建设、经济发展和改革开放,中国的财富总量激增且富人增多并出现了一些新情况新问题,因此,党在领导社会发展与变革的同时需要完善领导富人的政策和机制,以立法的方式确保富人们的经济利益;加大社会主义民主政治建设力度,完善人权保障机制,使富人们的政治民主权利得到保障。让富人们有更多的渠道行使社会事务管理权,同时也让他们承担更多社会责任。     

Analysis of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐DimethoxyphenethylamineAbuser's Urine: Identification and Quantitation of Urinary Metabolites

The metabolites of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B), a psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic activity, were investigated in a urine sample from a user of 2C‐B. The urine sample was deconjugated enzymatically and the metabolites were recovered by liquid–liquid extraction. The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatization, and the results were used to identify and quantitate the metabolites. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid was the most abundant metabolite of 2C‐B in human urine and accounted for 73% of the total amount of detected metabolites, followed by 4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylacetic acid (13%) and 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylethyl alcohol (4.5%). According to the literature, the main metabolites of 2C‐B in rat urine are N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxyphenylethyl)acetamide and N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylethyl)acetamide. However, these metabolites accounted for only a small proportion of the total amount of detected metabolites in human urine, which indicates that there are significant species‐specific differences in the metabolism of 2C‐B. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, which was the most abundant metabolite in human urine, is thought to be generated by deamination of 2C‐B by monoamine oxidase (MAO) followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Our results suggest that MAO plays a crucial role in the metabolism of 2C‐B in humans.     

九十年来共青团工作基本经验探析

90年来，共青团在党的领导下，创造了不平凡的成绩，留下了极为宝贵的经验：一是坚持中国共产党的领导；二是弘扬爱国主义精神；三是坚持以人为本；四是开拓创新；五是投身于为人民群众服务的伟大实践。