Gender Mainstreaming and Global Governance

This article seeks to explain the variable implementation of gender mainstreaming as a `policy frame' over time and across various international organisations (I.O.s). In the years since the U.N. Fourth World Women's Conference in Beijing (1995),mainstreaming has been endorsed and adopted by a wide range of international organisations, and we compare the adoption and implementation of mainstreaming in four specific I.O.s: the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the European Union. The rhetorical acceptance of mainstreaming by various international organisations, however, obscures considerable variation in both the timing and the nature of the mainstreaming process within and among organisations. This variation, in turn, can be explained in terms of the categories of political opportunity, mobilising structures and strategic framing, which have been put forward by social movement theorists. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

双峰驼喉蝇生活习性的观察

驼喉蝇（Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐｉｎａｔｉｔｉｌａｔｏｒ）幼虫寄生于双峰驼的鼻腔、鼻甲及咽喉等部位，其成蝇出现于５～９月，在７～８月达到高峰。对被感染骆驼的剖检表明，寄生于骆驼体内的幼虫在当年６月到来年３月主要以Ⅰ期幼虫为主；３月下旬以Ⅱ期幼虫为主；４月下旬则以Ⅲ期幼虫为主，并开始排出体外进行蛹化，然后进一步羽化为成蝇。幼虫于５～６月在土深为５～１０ｃｍ，平均地温为２９℃，地表湿度为２４％～２８％的条件下，羽化成蝇的时间为１９～２１ｄ。该蝇的整个生活史以１ａ为一个繁衍周期，幼虫在骆驼体内寄生９～１０个月。雌性成蝇一次产幼虫５０～８０个，一生共产８００～９００个，其寿命为２周左右，雄蝇的寿命更短。     

Detection of genotype recycling fraud in U.S. immigrants

Abstract: Relationship testing laboratories provide genetic evidence to support or refute claims of kinship between U.S. citizen petitioners and potential immigrant beneficiaries. One female beneficiary presented a male amelogenin type and alleles at 15 autosomal loci that were identical to an alleged brother’s. Laboratory records showed that her alleged father had petitioned to have 15 children emigrate from Ghana. The petitioner’s 15 paternity indices exceeded 10⁵, but the children shared only four short tandem repeat (STR) profiles, suggesting fraudulent reuse of genotypes in this alleged pedigree (AP). To determine the extent of this “genotype recycling,” I examined the laboratory’s 555 APs from Ghana and 532 control APs from Nigeria. Seventeen Ghanaian APs (3.1%) but no Nigerian APs showed genotype recycling. Of 90 tested people in the 17 APs, 56 shared identical STR profiles with others in their AP. Of these 56 people, 10 were petitioners with unexpectedly high parentage indices. Seven of 56 had amelogenin types that disagreed with their declared genders. Database searches for identical multilocus genotypes in allegedly different people would best detect this fraud.     

On the optimality of a duty-to-rescue rule and the cost of wrongful intervention

In common law legal systems, there is no legal duty to rescue persons in danger. By contrast in code-based legal systems, the principle of duty to rescue does apply. What is behind this difference? To answer this question, we develop a new model extending the reach and strength of the standard civic duty game by taking into account the cost of wrongful intervention. We use this model to analyze and compare three policy options: doing nothing, adopting a duty-to-rescue rule, and encouraging would-be rescuers. We show that a duty-to-rescue rule is more likely to be welfare enhancing when the cost of inappropriately intervening is low, and that, in certain cases, encouraging would-be rescuers is preferred by a representative citizen to both a duty-to-rescue rule and no-rule. Finally, we offer an explanation for the choices made in the USA and France as to whether to use rescue laws.     

Re-examining the evidence on the electoral impact of terrorist attacks: The Spanish election of 2004

This paper re-examines the electoral effect of the 11-M terrorist attacks in Madrid. Previous research has focused on post-electoral surveys to construct counterfactuals for the evaluation of the electoral impact of the attack. Bali (Electoral Studies, 2007) claims that the terrorists attacks had an important electoral impact while Lago and Montero (2005) claim the opposite. In this paper I propose to re-examine the evidence using a methodological approach based on actual votes instead of opinions revealed by surveys, and the difference-in-differences estimator. The calculations under the counterfactual of “no terrorist attack” support the forecasts of the polls taken prior to the terrorist attack and the results of Bali (2007). The incumbent (conservative) party would have won the election with between 42% and the 45% of the votes, while the socialist party would have obtained 37% of the votes.     

法学教育视野下的Willem C．Vis模拟国际商事仲裁辩论赛

随着全球经济一体化的深入发展,国际民商事纠纷也迅速增多,国际商事仲裁作为一种争议解决方式越来越受重视,这就需要既精通国际法律知识,又具备较强英语能力的专业人才。而作为全球知名的国际法专业赛事。WillemC．Vis模拟国际商事仲裁辩论赛目的在于通过模拟国际商事仲裁的程序,推广国际商事仲裁和《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的适用。该赛事有利于学生们通过模拟实践来加深对国际商事仲裁、国际商法等知识的理解,以及对于庭辩技巧、英文法律文书写作等综合技能的掌握,有利于培养具有国际竞争力的法律人才,具有良好的法学教育功能。     

用AT89C2051设计的秒倒计时器

本文介绍了一种利用单片机AT89C2051设计的秒倒计时器,具体介绍了硬件的电路设计、接口技术和软件的设计方法。该方案具有一定的实用性和使用上的方便性．并成功地应用在蓝球比赛和知识竞赛比赛中。     

O型口蹄疫病毒OA58株3C基因的克隆与真核表达

利用RT-PCR技术扩增获得了长度约640 bp的口蹄疫病毒目的基因,回收片段后与pMD18-T载体进行连接,测序结果表明获得了口蹄疫病毒3C基因。将重组质粒pMD18-3C与表达载体pEGFP-N1分别用BamHⅠ+XhoⅠ双酶切后,进行定向亚克隆,对重组表达质粒pEGFP-3C进行PCR、酶切鉴定及DNA测序,结果表明重组表达质粒所含的3C基因读码框正确。用pEGFP-3C转染BHK-21细胞,荧光显示目的基因EGFP发出绿色荧光;对3C转录的mRNA进行RT-PCR鉴定,证实3C基因在BHK-21细胞中得到了表达。     

中国大陆刑法和澳门刑法中共同犯罪比较研究

共同犯罪, 是一种相对于单独犯罪而言的更为复杂的犯罪形态,具有更加严重的社会危害性, 历来是各国及地区刑法的锋芒所向。本文对中国大陆和澳门地区刑法关于共同犯罪的立法模式和内容、共同犯罪的概念与构成、共同犯罪人的种类及处罚以及认定和处理共同犯罪的一些特殊问题等进行了比较研究, 并提出可供两地关于共同犯罪的立法和司法借鉴改善之处。     

Regional Development of Small Firms in Poland

Employing a probit, logit and gompit model this paper demonstrates that small firm development, represented by a group of structural, behavioral and performance variables determine regional location in Poland. The paper uses original data that samples the small firm stratum in two contrasting regions, Pomorskie and Lubelskie. The following variables were shown to be significantly correlated with regional location: legal structure, subcontracting, technological level of the products of the firm, average wage and intention to expand turnover.