输血后丙肝法律责任探析

因输血感染丙型肝炎,这在我国已成为一个严重的社会问题。然而怎样对受害者所受到的损失予以充分的赔偿,却缺乏相应的法律规范予以明确规定,造成司法不统一。本文从输血后丙肝的责任原则以及责任主体着手,以此促进我国相关立法的完善。     

输血与丙型肝炎因果关系鉴定及相关法律问题探讨

丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）已成为输血后非甲非乙型肝炎的主要致病因子，但是要确定患者所感染的丙型肝炎与某次输血有必然的因果关系仍很困难。本文通过对一个案例进行研究，提出鉴定方法，即收集病人的所有住院病历，查阅病人输血前、输血后或者以后一段时间转氨酶的变化情况，尤其是伤后近期查出的转氨酶水平，基本上可代表伤前的水平。结合抗－ＨＣＶ抗体的变化，确定输血与肝炎间的因果关系。作者还结合我国法律，提出输血后感染丙型肝炎的患者可以“严格责任原则”起诉医院或者血库，医院或者血库承担举证责任，举证的内容包括其所提供血液的献血员来源合法，已作了法定的筛选检测，同时提供所有法定的记录档案，否则血库或者医院将承担败诉的民事责任。     

电开信用证有关法律问题研究

本文就电开信用证 (信用证分为信开、电开两种 )的有关法律问题进行研究 ,并提出个人见解。     

信用证欺诈例外原则及其新发展

随着国际商贸活动的日益发展,信用证欺诈例外原则逐步确立和发展,并在防止信用证欺诈方面发挥了重要的作用。应该看到,作为信用证流通过程中所出现的欺诈例外原则在适用的过程中,由于其自身所具有的国际性,必然要考虑到世界范围内的统一性的问题。因此,在处理欺诈例外的案件过程中,我国应当不断借鉴国外行之有效的方法,密切关注国际商会的有关立场和动态,使我国的做法尽快与国际通行惯例接轨。     

在适应人类文明发展规律中拓展中国社会主义文明道路

社会主义文明必须遵循人类文明进程的基本规律。社会主义社会文明,是以物质文明、精神文明、政治文明为主体,以促进人的全面发展为实质和目标的文明进化过程。只有在人的全面发展基础上实现“三个文明”的有机统一,才是真正的高度文明的社会主义。     

Bring the party back in: Institutional design for ‘smart election fraud’

Autocrats face a dilemma. Continue with fraudulent electoral practices and risk revolt, or reduce fraud and risk losing elections. One solution is to structure electoral governance such that it allows for independence and professionalism at the center, lending credibility to the electoral process, and partisan local-level administration, enabling fraud at the micro level. Partisan poll workers can help deliver the vote by the use of ‘smart fraud’ – fraud that minimizes the risk of being caught and is used only when needed. In Armenia, the ruling party's vote share, as a proportion of all registered voters, increases with 2.5 percentage points in polling stations where the chairperson was randomly assigned to the ruling party. Fraud forensics suggests that one of the mechanisms behind this was falsification of the results protocol during the count. I conjecture that fraud is only used in high-stakes elections and that election observers are unable to detect it.     

浅析我国B2C电子商务的现状及发展趋势

互联网在中国的普及为网络购物提供了技术基础,越来越多的中国居民开始采用网络购物这一新兴购物方式。本文就我国B2C电子商务的现状进行分析,发现目前我国网络购物市场中B2C市场份额虽小,但发展潜力巨大,因此各方都看好B2C电子商务模式。从长远来看,B2C模式的电子商务因其自身具有的特点和优势将会成为未来网购市场的主导,而各种电子商务模式也会在未来不断融合,彼此之间的界限也越来越模糊。     

OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS BY VICTIMS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS: A CONFRONTATION CLAUSE ANALYSIS

Acknowledging the rapid growth of child sexual abuse in the United States, this Note advocates for the recognition of a limited exception to the blanket-hearsay ban on out-of-court statements made by unavailable declarants set out by the Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington . In order to protect a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment confrontation right, Crawford requires that hearsay evidence that is "testimonial" in nature be deemed inadmissible if the witness is unavailable and the defendant does not have a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness against him. However, Crawford noted that, where nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, cross-examination may not be necessary. Accordingly, where a child sexual abuse victim makes statements during a structured or semi-structured forensic interview to a member of a multidisciplinary team, these statements should be deemed nontestimonial and thus admitted into evidence, without requiring cross-examination of the child. Allowing for this exception to the general hearsay ban in Crawford is not only consistent with current precedent, but it is also warranted to promote public policy and to curb the negative impact such abuse has on society.     

信用证诈骗罪的主要客体初探——以2007年民事诉讼法修正案为对象

信用证诈骗罪的客体是复杂客体,对此我国刑法学界并无异议,但是对于该罪的主要客体则有不同观点。一种认为主要客体是信用证管理制度,理由是金融秩序是整个经济秩序的核心。另一种观点对信用证管理制度说提出批评,并认为主要客体应该是公私财产所有权。刑法理论中的主要客体认定标准是立法者保护的社会关系的侧重点。公私财产所有权说对信用证管理制度说的批评不能成立,其对自身观点的论证也缺乏说服力。因此,信用证管理制度说应当获得肯定。