政府绩效评估中的公民参与:我国的实践历程与前景

本文立足我国各地政府20多年来的实践,对政府绩效评估活动中的公民参与进行系统回顾、评价与展望。第一部分通过相关理论的讨论,为政府绩效评估中的公民参与构建了一个概念体系和分析框架。第二和第三部分通过历史回顾和比较,描述分析我国政府绩效评估实践中公民角色和地位的演变。第四部分在现实评价的基础上,提出推进政府绩效评估中公民参与理想模式和重点努力方向。     

重构公共政策评估——基于公民权与行政权相对平衡的分析

对公共政策进行评估,形式上是对政策方案执行前、执行中和执行后的评价,实质上则是行政权与公民权的再分配。本文从公共政策过程出发,以公民权与行政权相对平衡为分析框架,将公共决策事前评估的重点安排为公民权比重大于行政权,这是确定一种公民本位的制度安排;将公共决策事中评估的重点安排为行政权比重大于公民权,是以最少的时间和成本实现这一制度安排;将公共决策事后评估的重点安排为公民权比重等于行政权,是因为行政权与公民权的和谐相处可以避免公共政策自身运作的损耗,使其沿着正确轨道良性健康进行,并为新一轮的公共政策发挥创造良好环境和基础。     

政府绩效立法分析:以美国《政府绩效与结果法案》为例

随着绩效管理在政府部门的应用和重视 ,绩效立法也逐渐被关注。美国率先于 1993年颁布了《政府绩效与结果法案》(GPRA) ,以立法形式规范了政府绩效的相关活动。GPRA颁布至今已有 11年 ,绩效管理制度逐渐深入到政府日常工作当中 ,提高了政府部门绩效管理意识。但由于其内部复杂的管理、绩效数据收集存在很大困难、对政府部门项目评估的困难、实施过程受政治因素影响甚大、评估主体单一等原因 ,该法案实施出现了诸多问题 ,对这些经验教训的总结能为我国未来政府绩效立法提供借鉴。     

Do indicators influence treaty ratification? The relationship between mid-range performance and policy change

Treaties are a valuable tool for policymakers because they are both legally binding on, and symbolically powerful signals of, commitments of states that ratify. Why states choose to ratify treaties is unclear, although social pressures appear to play some role. This article argues that global performance indicators can influence the ratification process, but that the effect varies depending on where states fall on these measures. In the mid-range of a scale, fast ratification has significant benefits and relatively few costs. However, indicators have less of a catalysing effect at the extreme ends of the scale, where the costs are higher and the benefits are lower. This article uses policy performance indicators as independent variables in duration analyses of the ratification of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003) and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (2000). It finds states in the mid-range of the indicator are faster to ratify than states that are not ranked, whereas the other categories are statistically insignificant. These findings imply that indicators matter for those in the middle, but not as much for those at the extremes. This finding enriches our understanding of treaty ratification and has potential implications for performance metrics as a tool to promote policy change for those states in the middle, highlighting the strengths and limitations of indicators as a force for change.     

The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: meta-analysis of an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation

This article reports results obtained in an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation of 14 closed-circuit television (CCTV) projects in residential areas, town and city centers, a city hospital, and car parks (parking lots). Both police and victimization data were collected before and after the installation of CCTV in target, control and buffer areas, and police Divisions. The results showed that CCTV was effective in reducing crimes in train station car parks but not in city centers or residential areas, seemed to be effective in reducing vehicle crimes (but not other types of crimes), and was most effective when the degree of coverage by CCTV was high and when CCTV was combined with other interventions such as improved lighting. Implications for situational crime prevention theory are drawn. There was no evidence of displacement or diffusion of benefits. It is concluded that CCTV needs to be implemented more effectively, based on an analysis of the crime problem and its causes, and needs to be evaluated using a randomized experimental design.

美国《萨班斯法案》对我国企业赴美上市的影响

《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》(The Sarbanes Oxley Act)是美国资本市场对在美国上市公司在公司治理方面的新要求,涉及内部控制、审计和会计等方面,体现了加强公司内控和对公众责任落实的方向,将会对我国企业赴美上市产生深远影响:一方面,该法案的数项条款的规定使我国企业以正式挂牌的方式于近期赴美上市遇到了较大的执行障碍;另一方面也为我国企业加强内部控制和风险管理,加快从业务流程到技术架构的一系列变革,保证内部审计在内控体系中发挥作用提供机遇.     

Value of DNA tests: a decision perspective

ABSTRACT: Before a Court of Law testifying in DNA‐evidence cases, scientists are often challenged with the idea that the more markers (loci) the better, i.e., why does the scientist not use 16 or more markers? This paper introduces a new perspective, decision analysis, to deal with the problem of the number of markers to type in a criminal context. The decision‐making process, which plays a key role in the routine work of a forensic scientist, consists of the rational choice, given personal objectives, between two or more possible outcomes when the consequences of the choice are uncertain. Simulated results support the hypothesis that analytical added value does not increase with the number of markers.     

Comparative analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-hydroxyvalerate using GC/MS and HPLC

This paper describes two analytical techniques used to separate and quantify gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-hydroxyvalerate (GHV). The first technique was a N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)triflouro-acetimide-trimethylchlorosilane derivatization, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis using an HP-5 capillary column at a rate of 1.0 mL/min with a run time of 9.25 min. This technique was found to be sensitive (LOD 1 pg on column) and gave a low average error (5%) in a beverage study. When supplemented by a surrogate spike, the method yielded 97% analyte recovery from beverages. The second technique was high-performance liquid chromatography/UV (HPLC/UV) using a C-18 column with a (20:80% v/v) methanol:dibasic phosphoric buffer (10 mM, pH 3) at a rate of 1.00 mL/min with a run time of 7.5 min. UV detection occurred at 254 nm. This method was found to be less sensitive (LOD 0.05 microg on column) for direct analysis of aqueous samples. To remove interferences seen in the beverage study, a liquid-liquid extraction before HPLC analysis was tested. However, a decreased sensitivity (LOD 100 microg on column) and irreproducible peak profiles resulted.     

Evaluation of preliminary isotopic analysis (13C and 15N) of explosives A likelihood ratio approach to assess the links between semtex samples

Currently, the use of isotopic ratio as corroborative evidence in criminal trials is explored. Beyond the analytical challenges that have been reported elsewhere, the crucial issue of the interpretation of analytical results in a fair and balanced way remains poorly documented. The aim of this paper is to propose a likelihood ratio approach for the evaluation of stable isotope data acquired from semtex samples. It will also lead to recommendations in relation to the acquisition of normalised international data.     

我国政府绩效评估：历史沿革、发展规律及现代启示

我国有着悠久的政府绩效评估传统,探寻其内在的发展规律,汲取其合理内核,对于我国进行绩效政府建设具有重要意义。