"牛玉琴等人的法律难题"解析

"牛玉琴等人的法律难题"归结到一点,就是如何保护林木所有权人的合法权益问题.要切实保护牛玉琴等人的合法权益,就必须由国家针对牛玉琴等人的投入和牺牲,在林木的经济价值之上、生态价值之下,确定一个适当的数额对他们进行补偿.除此之外,诸如"砍伐方案"、"购买方案"、"补助方案"、"奖励方案"等都是不可取的.     

产品责任的惩罚性损害赔偿制度研究

我国立法中对于产品责任欠缺惩罚性损害赔偿的规定,消费者合法权益得不到有效的维护。为此,从惩罚性损害赔偿的产生与演变入手,分析了对于产品责任适用惩罚性损害赔偿的法理基础:效益与正义,并对惩罚性损害赔偿的数额确定进行了经济分析,比较研究了各国及地区的相关规定,提出应在我国的产品责任立法中引进这一制度的建议。     

关于我国结婚条件构成的法律思考

结婚条件是结婚制度的重要组成部分。在我国婚姻法中结婚条件更多地强调了社会利益的实现,个人权利保护不够充分。在个人权利保护日益受到重视的今天,我国结婚条件构成的不足愈加显现,主要表现为法律规定态度上的犹疑和贯彻实施过程中的障碍。关注婚姻的特殊性,从实质意义上实现对个人权利的充分保护,达到社会利益和个人权利充分实现的平衡,细化结婚条件,将是解决许多难以解决的婚姻家庭领域问题的关键。     

论刑事案件被害人精神损害赔偿

犯罪行为致被害人精神损害的 ,受害人不能提起赔偿诉讼请求 ,在《刑法》36条、《刑事诉讼法》77条、《最高人民法院关于刑事附带民事诉讼范围问题的规定》、最高人民法院司法解释 [2 0 0 2 ]17号《批复》中均做出了规定。本文通过对上述刑事法律、解释、批复的比较 ,认为上述刑事立法、解释、批复违反《宪法》规定 ,不利于保护公民合法权益 ,应当予以修正 ,并建立适当的刑事附带民事诉讼机制 ,保护刑事被害人的合法权益。     

析二十一世纪加拿大侵权法

2 0世纪至 2 1世纪 ,加拿大侵权法发生了根本性的变化。过失侵权理论在侵权法中逐渐占据中心地位 ,围绕着过失侵权责任的建立、过失侵权责任的扩展、侵权规则的一般化和融合、侵权法的赔偿及损失分配政策的演变 ,以及其他法律的和非法律的可选择机制对侵权法的削弱等问题 ,百年来加拿大侵权法确立了过失侵权责任为主线的侵权法模式。     

人身危险性在我国刑法中的功能定位

人身危险性最基本的涵义 ,是指再犯可能性。再犯可能性 ,属于已然的社会危害性范畴 ,而主观恶性则是人身危险性的表征之一。人身危险性在罪责刑结构中 ,并不当然地起决定作用 ,只是在一定程度上起着修正的作用。我们可以以行为人没有人身危险性或者人身危险性较小为由 ,认定行为人的行为不构成犯罪 ;但不能以行为人存在着人身危险性或者人身危险性较大为由 ,认定行为人的行为构成犯罪。人身危险性不能增加刑罚量 ,只在其较小或没有的时候 ,起减小刑罚量的作用。无论在定罪中还是在量刑中 ,人身危险性只应具有这一单向性的功能     

关于附带民事诉讼若干问题的思考

刑事附带民事诉讼是刑民结合的一项重要制度 ,是遭受犯罪行为而受到损害的被害人维护自己合法民事权益的一种重要途径 ,但由于我国刑事附带民事诉讼的立法相对简单、薄弱 ,实践中还存在许多问题 ,文章论述了刑事附带民事诉讼的案件范围 ,特别提及的是精神损害赔偿是否应纳入刑事附带民事诉讼范围 ,以及诉讼中诸如是否交纳诉讼费、提起的期限、诉讼时效的计算、被告人是否有权提出民事反诉等程序性问题 ,并就上述问题提出了思考意见和立法建议。     

In the Line of Fire—21st-Century Approach to an Ancient War Injury

Abstract:  Authentic black-powder muzzle-loader weapons or replicas are used today primarily for re-enactments of historic battles. A lay actor playing the role of a Prussian infantryman sustained life-threatening gunshot injuries during a recent re-enactment of a historic battle of the Sixth Coalition. As only blank historic muzzle-loading weaponry was used, the origin of the missile causing the wounding was initially unclear. Further investigation revealed a ramrod that had been propelled out of the barrel of another gunner's smooth-bore gun as cause of injury. The ramrod was hurled on a trajectory of more than 20 m, breaking the victim's shouldered barrel and hitting the victim resulting in severe abdominal, thoracic, and upper limb injuries. The critical incidents while handling muzzle-loading weaponry leading to premature discharge are elucidated. Furthermore, this report demonstrates how actual diagnostics and subsequent surgical treatment enabled this infantryman to survive an injury to which his comrades-in-arms would have succumbed 200 years ago.     

RACIAL ANIMOSITY AND INTERRACIAL CRIME*

The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of a victim's race on the likelihood of him or her being seriously injured during the commission of an interracial crime. We also assess the probability of a homicide occurring during an interracial crime. A multilevel city analysis shows that black offenders are no more apt than white offenders to injure their victims seriously during an interracial robbery or rape. A black offender also does not have a greater proclivity to kill his or her victim during the commission of an interracial crime. Some evidence suggests that white victims are more likely than black victims to suffer serious physical harm during an aggravated assault. Results also reveal that contextual factors related to racial animosity, such as residential segregation, white‐to‐black economic inequality, and black‐to‐white unemployment, fail to have any moderating effect on either the severity of victim injury or the likelihood of a homicide occurring during an interracial crime. Overall, the results generated in this study tend to cast doubt on the validity of racial animosity theory. Our findings also lead us to question the veracity of the oftenmade claim that black‐on‐white crimes are punished more severely because these types of offenses are somehow more heinous in circumstance. At least in regard to serious victim injury and victim death, black‐on‐white crime is no more violent than white‐on‐black crime.     

Potentially Lethal Behaviors Associated With Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Review of the Literature and Forensic Implications

Abstract:  Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by loss of the muscle atonia of REM sleep, with release of complex and violent behaviors that are often attempted dream-enactments. This study reviewed the literature on RBD with regard to potentially lethal behavior. A total of 39–41 clinical cases of RBD associated with potentially lethal behaviors to self and/or others were found, involving a child and adults of all age groups, that manifested as choking/headlock ( n  = 22–24), defenestration/near-defenestration ( n  = 7), and diving from bed ( n  = 10). A total of 80.8% ( n  = 21) were males; 19.2% ( n  = 5) were females; mean age was 65.6 ± (SD) 13.8 years (range: 27–81 years, and a child). (Gender/age data were not listed in the remaining cases.) An etiologic association of RBD with a neurologic disorder (or with pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders, n  = 4) was present in 21–23 patients. Thus, RBD carries well-documented, potential forensic consequences during RBD episodes that could possibly have been misinterpreted as suicidal or homicidal behavior.