机动车交通事故责任强制保险疑难问题研究

我国的机动车交通事故责任强制保险制度自建立以来一直饱受社会各界争议。在2010年和2011年的全国人大会上，全国人大代表先后对提高交强险责任限额、取消赔偿限额等问题提出司法改革建议。本文对有关受害第三人问题、保险公司的责任限额及诉讼地位和责任免除等机动车交通事故责任强制保险若干疑难问题作了探讨。     

Fall from a Balcony—Accidental or Homicidal? Reconstruction by Numerical Simulation

In the case presented, conflicting witness accounts and the subject's injuries were highly suspicious of an assault that might have caused the balcony fall. For the reconstruction, a simulation software, originally designed for motor vehicle accident reconstruction, was used. Three scenarios were simulated using the PC‐Crash multibody pedestrian model: (S1) Subject was pushed against and fell over balcony rail, (S2) subject fell off from a seated position, (S3) subject fell off from a prone position on the rail. (S1) could be ruled out due to inconsistent results in terms of landing area and minimum velocity. Realistic results were obtained for (S3) with a fall off from a prone position on the rail. After a few months, the comatose subject awoke and gave an account of what had happened being consistent with the simulation results. This case demonstrates the feasibility of multibody simulations also in cases of nontraffic incidents.     

Women Police

Abstract

This study investigated the use of force by and against women police officers using survey data from a large sample of female and male officers in six departments. Results suggested that female officers and same-gender female-female officer pairs used less force, and were less likely to use physical force, in police-citizen encounters when compared to their male counterparts. There was no evidence supporting the proposition that citizens used less force against female officers compared with male officers. In fact, the findings indicated that citizens used significantly more force against female officers relative to male officers in domestic calls. Although female officers were more likely to engage in underpredicted policing; that is, use less force than the situation would normally dictate, underpredicted policing was not related to an increase in the likelihood of officer injury. Implications for women officers, police use of force, and the institution of policing are discussed.     

玻璃刺创形态学特点的初步研究

目的研究玻璃刺创的形态学特点。方法分别用3个厚度为0．31cm带尖状突起的啤酒瓶残端及3块厚度为0．29cm有尖的普通窗玻璃碎片按设定的不同方向刺击带皮猪肉组织,重复此过程3次,形成198例创口,观察、编号、拍照、测量各创口。结果198例创口的整体形态可分为5种类型,即“工”型、“”型、“”型、“上”型与“一”型,各型在不同刺击方向的分布上存在差异,其中前4种为主要类型,共约占总数的93％,其共同点为在损伤的中部出现了一段与损伤整体走向垂直的创口,啤酒瓶残端所致垂直创口的长度为0．31±0．Olcm（x±s）,窗玻璃碎片所致垂直创口的长度为0．29±0．Olcm（x±s）。结论损伤中部有与损伤整体走向垂直的短创口是玻璃刺创中易出现的一种形态学特点,垂直创的长度与致伤玻璃的厚度具有一致性。     

Re-membering my ways of knowing and learning while ‘learning otherwise’

ABSTRACT

To some people, African languages are insufficiently valued or good for nothing. Such people do not find any economic value in African languages. However, the African renaissance can inject a new lease of life into African languages. The African linguistic renaissance implies uplifting the status and use of African languages. It also means taking African languages into domains where their economic value will rise. This requires a drastic change in how African languages are perceived and treated. This article argues that, as part of the African renaissance, African languages should become income generators or job-creating entities. There is great potential for African languages to attain such economically rewarding status. African languages have slept for so long that they can now be compared to devalued currencies. The article suggests some ways through which a vibrant African languages industry can be developed and sustained.     

Contracting Out: Dutch Municipalities Reject the Solution for the VAT Distortion

In 2003, the Dutch government introduced a VAT-compensation fund in order to create a level playing field for local governments with respect to Value Added Tax (VAT). This fund eliminates the effect of the tax difference between local governments that supply services themselves and local governments that contract out services to the private sector. However, as this article shows, according to most municipalities, differences in their treatment in terms of VAT did not hinder the contracting out of public services. Therefore, the VAT compensation fund lacks legitimacy. It appears to have had little effect so far, as the number of contracted-out public services has hardly increased since its introduction. In general, municipalities have a negative opinion of the fund. They state that non-budgetary effects and institutional considerations, such as the quality of services, the vulnerability of municipal activities and concern for employment in the municipality itself, are more relevant to decision making on outsourcing.     

准确分析伤病关系是人体损伤程度鉴定的关键

损伤与疾病的关系是法医临床鉴定实践中经常遇到的问题,在人体损伤程度的鉴定中往往直接关乎鉴定意见,值得高度重视。最新发布的《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》对伤病关系处理原则做出了规定,是法医学的一大进步。准确分析伤病关系,要掌握损伤、疾病、损伤性疾病及损伤后疾病、病理基础、潜在性疾病及既往伤病等概念,对损伤与疾病的因果关系进行恰当的分析,并将分析结果运用到损伤程度的鉴定中。在伤病关系分析时,应当遵循事实因果关系的认定原则,从时间上的先后关系、解剖部位上的吻合性以及逻辑上的关联等角度加以论证。损伤程度的鉴定须遵循刑事证据的证明原则．排除合理怀疑。故鉴定人应注意采用恰当的分析方法,尽可能从更高的标准证明伤病关系是否存在。病理学、病因学、临床学上的因果关系,其证明价值要显著高于流行病学、案例报道及实验医学上的因果关系,在实际应用中应高度关注．     

试论流域生态补偿基金制度的构建

流域生态补偿基金制度是法律对流域生态补偿基金性质和资金的来源方式、使用、保值增值、管理等所作的系统性的规定,是流域生态补偿基金的规范化、系统化、法制化理论依据、现实必要性和可行性探索的法律规范的集合。构建流域生态补偿基金制度有利于衡平流域生态利益、保护流域生态环境,对流域生态可持续发展具有重要意义。     

工伤保险赔偿与第三人侵权损害赔偿竞合问题之思考-兼谈对《社会保险法》第42条的理解与适用

工伤保险赔偿与第三人民事侵权损害赔偿竞合是一直困扰着司法理论和实务界的一个疑难问题,由于我国现行法律对此类问题的处理缺乏具体、明确的规定,由此给司法理论和实践带来了许多争议。如何在理论上进一步厘清此类问题,探索出更加客观、科学的裁判标准,推动相关法律的制订、修改与完善,已势在必行、刻不容缓。     

论法官的道德自觉与法的确定性

法官道德包括个人道德内在自律和职业道德外在约束,法官的个人道德又包括作为常人的道德层面和高于常人的道德层面。道德自觉的法官既可在司法程序中维护法律的确定性,又能引领社会的变迁。法官、公众以及法律三者的道德价值取向,在实质内涵上都以公民基本权利和自由为根本。崇敬权利价值是法官道德信念的极致,是法官个人道德和职业道德的升华。法官是现代法治社会道德共同体的守望者。