浅议授权领导过程

授权领导过程是领导者授权几个有机环节构成的连续工作。授权领导过程中,领导者必须根据授权领导的环节不同而进行不同的领导活动,关注不同的事项,有所为有所不为。授权前,领导者首先必须根据被授权者决定是否授权及其授权大小;其次,根据授权任务的具体情况来决定授权的内容和重点;授权时,要讲究方式方法,明确授权;授权领导过程中,对授权工作任务必须进行适度的监控;授权任务完成后,还要总结经验教训,核查工作,帮助被授权者提高能力,增长知识和经验。     

论缔约过失责任的概念更新

缔约过失责任产生于双方当事人缔约阶段,这个阶段以合同成立为界.缔约过失责任既可以发生在合同成立前,在合同成立后生效前也有其生存的空间.缔约过失责任是一方因过失违反先合同义务产生的,往往被视为是一种过错责任,然而无论是学者的著述还是现行的立法都显示了缔约过失责任已经突破了过错责任的范畴,活跃在某些无过错责任领域.缔约过失责任中是对信赖利益的赔偿,并不包括完全性利益,完全性利益应由侵权行为法所调整.     

河豚毒素的检验

通过对食用河豚鱼干致死案例的系统毒物分析,本文详细介绍了有关体内河豚毒素的固相萃取方法,利用本方法成功地解决了一起因河豚毒素中毒案件的检验,从死者胃内容、心血中均检出河豚毒素,从死者吃剩的干鱼片中检出1.4μg/g的河豚毒素.     

审查起诉阶段案件退回公安机关处理之探讨

检察机关在审查起诉阶段将案件退回公安机关自行处理,这在刑事诉讼法没有依据,但在司法实践中却普遍运用,甚至超过了不起诉处理的案件."退处"案件既侵害了犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利,也侵害了被害人的权利."退处"案件高居不下的原因主要是因为一些检察机关采用"退处"的方法来降低过高的不起诉率、检察机关没有行政处罚权等等.对此可以从修改刑事诉讼法第15条的规定加强司法机关之间的互相制约、改变不合理的评价指标等方面加以完善.     

林诉亚利桑那州案与美国的死刑陪审团制度

林诉亚利桑那州案是美国死刑量刑制度中一个具有里程碑意义的重要判例,自该案之后,美国联邦最高法院确立了陪审团在量刑中的无可替代的法律地位,即量刑中加重情节必须由陪审团而不是法官加以认定。该案的背景情况以及法律争议在美国死刑程序中极具代表性,对法官独立量刑州以及混合程序州均产生了重大影响,立法机构也作出了积极的回应,其深远的影响将极大地改变美国死刑制度的未来发展。     

Study of the Behaviors of Gunshot Residues from Spent Cartridges by Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction–Gas Chromatographic Techniques

Gunshot residues, produced after shooting activity, have acquired their importance in analysis due to the notoriety of firearms‐related crimes. In this study, solid‐phase microextraction was performed to extract the headspace composition of spent cartridges using 85‐μm polyacrylate fiber at 66°C for 21 min. Organic compounds, that is, naphthalene, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and dibutyl phthalate were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection technique. Evaluation of chromatograms for diphenylamine, dibutyl phthalate, and naphthalene indicates the period after a gunshot was discharged, whether it was 1 days, 2–4 days, <5 days, 10 days, 20 days, or more than 30 days ago. This study revealed the potential effects of environmental factors such as occasional wind blow and direct sunlight on the estimation of time after spent cartridges were discharged. In conclusion, we proposed reliable alternative in analyzing the headspace composition of spent cartridges in a simulated crime scene.     

透明材料上的透明附着物证检测

目的提出了一种检测透明材料上附着透明物证的新方法—位相滤波法。方法采用现代光学信息处理技术改变光信号的频谱,使零级频谱与一级频谱干涉。结果实现了由位相到强度的调制,最终检测到透明材料上的透明附着物证。结论该方法是一种无损光学检测法,操作简便,效果好。     

水和生物体液中3种镇痛麻醉药中空纤维膜液相微萃取

目的研究采用中空纤维膜液相微萃取(hollowfiber liquid phase microextraction,HF-LPME)法提取水和生物体液中的哌替啶,氯胺酮,曲马多。方法样品调节至pH11.5和盐饱和,磁力搅拌器转速为600转/min,内标为盐酸萘福泮,取4μl甲苯,注入到聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜中,萃取20min,抽回1μl甲苯进入GC中进行分析。结果血浆、尿、水相关系数R2:哌替啶分别为0.9935、0.9981、0.9997,氯胺酮分别为0.9906、0.9913、0.9927,曲马多分别为0.9741、0.9913、0.9970;检测限:水、尿中哌替啶、氯胺酮、曲马多均为0.01μg/ml,血浆中哌替啶、氯胺酮、曲马多均为0.05μg/ml;血浆、尿、水日内RSD:哌替啶分别为13.0%、7.3%、4.6%,氯胺酮分别为15.1%、13.6%、1.4%,曲马多分别为3.7%、4.3%、9.0%;血浆、尿、水日间RSD:哌替啶分别为15.1%、13.5%、12.2%,氯胺酮分别为12.3%、5.3%、6.0%,曲马多分别为7.1%、15.5%、11.9%;血浆、尿、水相对回收率:哌替啶分别为109.80%、93.49%、97.57%,氯胺酮分别为91.09%、101.80%、100.40%,曲马多分别为106.40%、92.94%、113.32%。结论中空纤维膜液相微萃取用于水和生物体液中的哌替啶,氯胺酮,曲马多的分析,所需有机溶剂少,避免残留和交叉污染,集萃取,富集,进样于一步完成,简单,高效,实用。     

The Influence of New Technologies on the Visual Attention of CSIs Performing a Crime Scene Investigation

Currently, a series of promising new tools are under development that will enable crime scene investigators (CSIs) to analyze traces in situ during the crime scene investigation or enable them to detect blood and provide information on the age of blood. An experiment is conducted with thirty CSIs investigating a violent robbery at a mock crime scene to study the influence of such technologies on the perception and interpretation of traces during the first phase of the investigation. Results show that in their search for traces, CSIs are not directed by the availability of technologies, which is a reassuring finding. Qualitative findings suggest that CSIs are generally more focused on analyzing perpetrator traces than on reconstructing the event. A focus on perpetrator traces might become a risk when other crime‐related traces are overlooked, and when analyzed traces are in fact not crime‐related and in consequence lead to the identification of innocent suspects.     

Transformation of African armies through emphasis on education rather than training during the post-conflict,reconstruction and development phase

It is a recognised universal norm that the role of senior military officers in the decision-making process of a country emerging from conflict, remains high. This is because the unease of the still-fragile, democratic civilian structures needs time and a peaceful environment to reclaim their political space and become assertive. The result of this skewed politico-military relationship has, however, shown that during this period of military policy dominance, decisions taken tend to be aggressive and concerned with the short term, and are generally uninformed by other prevailing worldviews. They are therefore detrimental to national security and stability. The most illustrative example has been during the Third Reich in Germany, when decisive decision-making by the German Reichswehr Officer Corps culminated in catastrophe for that country in 1918 and 1945. On the African continent, in the last decade, both the United Nations and the Africa Union have recognised that the role of the military in national affairs has reversed peaceful settlements, as a consequence of a lack of tolerance, conceptually remaining locked in the era of conflict. To reverse the trend, before 2005/6, the UN and AU embarked on intense debate and adopted policy recommendations designed to enhance peace building in the post-conflict phase. The result was the adoption of the UN 2005 Peace-building Commission and the AU’s 2006 Post Conflict and Reconstruction (PCRD). The purpose of this article is to raise awareness and advocate an emphasis on education, rather than training, for the Officers Corps and their armies on the continent. This should begin the peaceful transformation which has remained elusive since the end of the Cold War in the 1990s.