列宁和斯大林时期官制的比较

苏联的官制在列宁时期初步运行起来,在斯大林时期得到发展和僵化,列宁和斯大林时期的官制相比较,二者既有继承,也有异化。分析和比较列宁和斯大林时期的官制特点,不仅可以进一步审视斯大林体制,而且从中能够得出苏共失败的原因。同时,它对我国社会主义政治体制的改革、执政党的建设也是一个好的借鉴。     

大龄女青年初婚与再婚择偶标准比较

大龄女青年的婚配问题成为社会学研究的一个重要领域。通过对征婚启事的量化分析 ,发现初婚与再婚择偶的大龄女青年在外貌、性格与人品、家境、学历与职业等择偶标准方面存在着差异 ,而在兴趣爱好方面没有差异     

尺划字检验初探

本文叙述了尺划字检验的理论依据,尺画字的特点,稳定性及检验方法。依据人书写习惯的相对稳定性,尺画字具有以下特点:组字笔画通常无弧度和连笔,某些短小笔画自由画写,组字运笔方向部分改变。尺画字的稳定特征:尺画字具有运笔方向、组字结构、搭配比例、书写水平、笔顺以及基本写法相对不变的稳定性特征。尺画字的检验方法:研究案情,研究检材,研究样本,比较检材和样本,确定稳定特征,进行综合评断。     

中外警察教育比较研究

从建设和发展我国警察教育出发,主要运用比较分析的方法,研究当代外国警察教育的理论和实践,探讨国外警察教育制度和模式在中国适用的可行性,以作为改革和发展我国警察教育的借鉴。本文主要对当前的中外警察教育的法律保障、教育制度类型、模式、内容、方法等简要分析比较,以求吸取和借鉴国外警察教育的成功作法和经验,促进我国警察教育的改革和发展。     

中国与大陆法系共犯构成要件之比较

共犯形态是犯罪的一种特殊形态 ,在过失犯罪的场合 ,客观上存在着共同犯罪现象。就我国现行刑法典而言 ,不承认过失的共犯 ,给司法实践部门解决问题带来了困难。通过参考、比较、借鉴外国有关共犯理论 ,对发展和完善我国现有立法 ,显系必要     

海峡两岸侦查制度比较研究

在台湾的刑事诉讼中,检察官是法定的侦查主体,而司法警察官是实践中的侦查行为者。在大陆法学研究者呼吁实行检察引导侦查的同时,台湾的研究者却在冷静地批判检察官作为法定侦查主体的严重弊端。台湾的侦查启动主要基于被害人的告诉、其他人的告发或犯罪嫌疑人的自首,而不履行特定的决定程序,大陆的侦查启动则以立案决定为前提。台湾的侦查终结由检察官决定,大陆的侦查终结则通常由公安机关决定。     

我国四法域遗嘱方式立法比较研究

通过对我国四法域遗嘱方式规范的比较可以发现,四法域立法在遗嘱形式分类、遗嘱见证程序及见证人资格等方面差异明显,在其他遗嘱方式事项上也各有特色。我国大陆地区的公证遗嘱、录音遗嘱、特别遗嘱及遗嘱见证人规范存在明显不足,应当借鉴其他法域的立法经验予以完善。     

执政党内涵分析:世界政党比较的视角

从世界政党比较的视角看,执政党的内涵,应该是具有一般政党的功能和作用、权力有限并受制约、整合导向型和开放型的、民主政治的表征。     

Optimization of a Statistical Algorithm for Objective Comparison of Toolmarks

Due to historical legal challenges, there is a driving force for the development of objective methods of forensic toolmark identification. This study utilizes an algorithm to separate matching and nonmatching shear cut toolmarks created using fifty sequentially manufactured pliers. Unlike previously analyzed striated screwdriver marks, shear cut marks contain discontinuous groups of striations, posing a more difficult test of algorithm applicability. The algorithm compares correlation between optical 3D toolmark topography data, producing a Wilcoxon rank sum test statistic. Relative magnitude of this metric separates the matching and nonmatching toolmarks. Results show a high degree of statistical separation between matching and nonmatching distributions. Further separation is achieved with optimized input parameters and implementation of a “leash” preventing a previous source of outliers—however complete statistical separation was not achieved. This paper represents further development of objective methods of toolmark identification and further validation of the assumption that toolmarks are identifiably unique.     

The Effect of Image Quality and Forensic Expertise in Facial Image Comparisons

Images of perpetrators in surveillance video footage are often used as evidence in court. In this study, identification accuracy was compared for forensic experts and untrained persons in facial image comparisons as well as the impact of image quality. Participants viewed thirty image pairs and were asked to rate the level of support garnered from their observations for concluding whether or not the two images showed the same person. Forensic experts reached their conclusions with significantly fewer errors than did untrained participants. They were also better than novices at determining when two high‐quality images depicted the same person. Notably, lower image quality led to more careful conclusions by experts, but not for untrained participants. In summary, the untrained participants had more false negatives and false positives than experts, which in the latter case could lead to a higher risk of an innocent person being convicted for an untrained witness.