Intimate Partner Violence in Extremely Poor Women: Longitudinal Patterns and Risk Markers

Despite high revalence rates of intimate partner violence in the lives of extremely poor women with dependent children, few studies have investigated the patterns of violence that occur over time, and the characteristics of women that serve as risk markers for partner violence. This paper describes patterns of domestic violence longitudinally and uses multivariate analyses to delineate childhood and adult risk markers for recent intimate partner violence in this population of women. Analyses draw upon a sample of 436 homeless and extremely poor housed mothers receiving welfare, in a mid-sized city in Massachusetts with a large Hispanic population of Puerto Rican descent and relatively fewer Blacks. We found that among women with complete longitudinal data (N=280), almost two-thirds experienced intimate partner violence at some point during their adult life by the end of study follow-up, and that the abuse before and after the baseline interview was episodic and limited over time. To examine the role of individual women's factors, while controlling for partner characteristics, we used baseline data on women who had been partnered during the past year (N=336). Among childhood predictors, we found that sexual molestation contributed most significantly to adult intimate partner violence that occurred during the past year prior to the baseline interview. Adult risk markers included inadequate emotional support from non-professionals, poor self-esteem, and a partner with substance abuse problems. Having a partner with poor work history was another independent predictor of recent abuse. Ethnicity did not significantly predict whether women were abused or not during the past year, contrary to other findings reported in the literature.     

ON BEING A CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATOR: PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL CHALLENGES,RISKS, AND REWARDS

Conducting child custody evaluations is one of the most complex, challenging, and sometimes risky professional endeavors that a mental health professional can perform. This article examines the professional and personal challenges which may be encountered by the evaluator. In addition to discussing the role requirements and need to maintain awareness of bias and countertransference, challenges such as coping with state board or ethics complaints and possible risks to personal safety are also addressed. Suggestions for risk management and coping with the demands of these assessments are offered, as well as the benefits and rewards of engaging in this important work.     

MEDIATIVE EVALUATIONS: THE PROS AND PERILS OF BLENDING ROLES

Child custody evaluators with experience in mediation may be tempted to use mediation skills and strategies in their evaluation processes. This article explores the benefits and risks of blending mediation with evaluation, comparing the perspectives of professionals and clients.     

Beliefs About Wife Beating Among Arab Men from Israel: The Influence of Their Patriarchal Ideology

Despite the recent increase in public and professional interest in the problem of wife beating in Arab society, in Israel, and in the rest of the Arab world, there is a serious lack of empirical research on different dimensions of the problem in those societies. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among a systematic random sample of 362 Arab husbands from Israel, in an attempt to examine the contribution of patriarchal ideology toward explaining their beliefs about wife beating. Although about 58% of the participants indicated that there is no excuse for a man to beat his wife, 15–62% still justified wife beating on certain occasions (e.g., adultery, failure to obey husbands, disrespect for parents and relatives). In addition, although the participants tended to perceive abusive and violent husbands as responsible for their behavior, 52% still expressed understanding of that behavior and, on some occasions, 23–43% even blamed the wife for violence against her. Regression and multiple regression analyses revealed that over and above the participants' age and level of education, their masculine sex-role stereotypes, negative and traditional attitudes toward women, nonegalitarian marital role expectations, and familial patriarchal beliefs were the most significant predictors of beliefs about wife beating. Implications of the results and limitations of the study are also discussed.     

简论色彩的翻译

本文通过对色彩翻译的例证进行分析,指出尽管从物理学角度来说,同样的色彩具有同样的物理属性.但是,由于各个民族、国家的地理环境、民族心理、宗教信仰等因素的影响,同一种颜色对于不同民族的人所引发的联想和象征意义却不同.我们翻译时不能只局限于概念意义更要注意颜色的社会属性和联想意义.     

把握教学培训统一契机提高警体教学水平

肩负着职业培训、学历教育双重任务的警察院校在教学培训中可从五个方面提高警体教学水平:正确分析教学对象,使教学内容做到因材施教;充分整合公安教育中各方物力与财力,使教学设备发挥最佳效能;探讨教育规律与过程,丰富教学方法;发挥人才优势,进行教学科研课题攻关;均衡师资结构,达到教、训协调发展.     

The correlates of spouses' incongruent reports of marital aggression

Husbands' and wives' reports (n=97 couples) of engaging in or experiencing marital aggression were compared to determine congruence. Congruence was defined as spousal agreement on whether either spouse had been nonviolent, mildly violent, or severely maritally violent within the past year. Whereas approximately equal numbers of clinic couples were incongruent for husband and for wife violence (32% vs. 31%), only incongruence for husband violence (H W) was found to correlate with reports of affective and relationship functioning. Incongruent H W wives were more likely to be depressed and angry. H W incongruent wives were also more negative about the inter-spousal communication and rated the relationship as more unsatisfactory for them than did congruent wives. Incongruent H W husbands also perceived the relationship more negatively, but their levels of depression and anger did not differ from congruent H W husbands. These findings were not replicated for spouses who were incongruent for wife violence. Our results support the conclusion that spousal disagreement about H W violence has a more negative impact than does disagreement about wives' level of aggression.     

奸淫幼女若干问题探析

根据我国现行刑法的规定,奸淫幼女构成犯罪的,应定为强奸罪;奸淫幼女既遂的认定标准应采取"插入说";奸淫幼女构成犯罪应以明知奸淫的对象是幼女为要件。刑法有必要增设独立的奸淫幼女罪。     

论儿童证人

由于儿童具有特殊的生理和心理,对于其作证资格,历来有许多争议。但儿童证人资格属于证明能力问题,而儿童证言可信性则属证明力的问题。由于儿童各方面发育还未完全成熟、稳定,在儿童作证时,有必要采取适当的保护措施,以减轻儿童作证的压力,且可保障儿童证言的质量。     

对反垄断法规制的垄断行为的分析与比较

市场经济中垄断行为纷繁复杂、多种多样。根据不同的分类方法,对垄断行为可做不同的分类,对各种不同类型的垄断行为及其相互变化关系进行比较研究有助于我们加深对其经济和法律性质的认识和了解。根据垄断力来源及其程度的不同,将垄断行为分为联合限制竞争行为、企业合并审查、滥用市场支配地位、行政垄断四大类;通过对它们进行经济分析和比较研究,从理论上深刻地揭示了它们之间的相互变化关系及其经济法律性质,为反垄断立法与执法提供了充分的理论依据。