Tradable Permits for Common‐Pool Resources: An Assessment

Scholars often attribute deterioration in common‐pool resources (CPRs) to ill‐defined property rights and suggest privatization and tradable permit markets as a solution to the commons problem. CPRs are heterogeneous, differing in physical characteristics and use patterns. Regulating their use requires tailored policy solutions that cohere with these characteristics. This paper examines factors that contribute to a well‐performing tradable permit market. While the literature offers rich empirical analyses of individual tradable permit markets, it has not provided an analytical framework enabling comparative analysis of these markets. This paper develops and employs an analytical framework for comparing across markets. The comparative analysis of market performance suggests that markets are not successful in all environmental problems and all demand situations. Further, it shows that even some markets frequently cited as exemplary successes have been that for nonmarket‐related reasons. On the other hand, this comparative analysis identifies sources of success for markets that partial analytical frameworks would have predicted to fail.     

The economic significance of “insignificant” rules

We know relatively little about the economic effects of “insignificant” rules because they are not typically analyzed. Yet, these rules could be cumulatively important. We provide an economic analysis of one proposed rule to control hazardous air pollutants, which is not considered to be economically significant. This rule is of particular interest because it is one of the first in a long series of rules that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will consider for limiting hazardous air pollutant emissions. Our analysis suggests that the proposed controls that EPA has considered are not likely to pass a benefit–cost test. We recommend that an agency base its decision to allocate additional resources to benefit–cost analysis on the expected value of the improved information. In addition, agencies should consider applying a rule of thumb that would specify a threshold level of risk reduction that needs to be achieved before some kinds of regulation are considered.     

The Development of Competitive Industries: The Role of State Government Actors

Despite widespread adoption of Porter's Industrial Cluster Theory as a policy development framework by federal and state governments over the past decade, Australia remains significantly below the OECD average in terms of its industries' economic contributions to real wealth creation ( Brown 2000 ; OECD 1998 ). The major cause cited for this relatively poor performance has been inability of key government officials to implement effective industry policy that simultaneously avoids de facto protectionism and distortion of competition. This article provides an insight into the key policy decisions undertaken by the Tasmanian state government that coincided with development of an internationally successful shipbuilding industry in that state. As such, this article provides a reflection on policy initiatives that may be valuable for government officials elsewhere.     

Sustainable governance of natural resources and institutional change–an analytical framework

This article presents a conceptual framework for analysing the governance of natural resource use, as governance is often the primary issue when natural resources are overexploited and degraded. It addresses both spontaneous and active governance, including institutional change induced by development co‐operation. Drawing on existing frameworks of institutional analysis, fundamental modifications are presented to adapt the concept to the context of international co‐operation, and to include dynamic aspects of institutional change as well as multiple actor interactions. Tested in several case studies, the framework was found suitable and relevant for use in project planning and evaluation, as well as for comparing governance issues across cases in a conceptually rigorous way. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intersectoral differences in public affairs: the duty of public reporting in public administration

Public reporting is a requirement for public affairs practitioners in public administration because of the democratic context in which government operates. By reporting to the public‐at‐large on agency activities, government agencies contributed to an informed citizenry, the essential foundation of a democracy. For public affairs in business administration and non‐profit administration, public reporting is desirable rather than mandatory. Public reporting was traditionally accomplished indirectly, through news media coverage of government. However, recent research suggests a diminution of interest by the media in fulfilling its role as an instrument of democracy. This means that the public reporting obligation of public affairs professionals in public administration needs to shift to direct reporting, through such products as annual reports, newsletters, TV programmes, Internet websites etc. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.     

SPF雏鸡感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒后白细胞介素2和干扰素诱生活性的变化

对1日龄SPF雏鸡人工感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒(REV)后,胸腺T淋巴细胞白细胞介素2(IL-2)诱生活性于14～49 d极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);脾T淋巴细胞IL-2诱生活性于14 d明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),感染后21～49 d极显著降低(P＜0.01);脾淋巴细胞干扰素(IFN)的诱生活性于感染后7～49 d极显著降低(P＜0.01).提示SPF雏鸡受REV感染后机体免疫器官的分子免疫调节机能明显降低或发生障碍.     

甲基安非他命（冰毒）诱导基因表达变化研究进展

甲基安非他命进入机体后,其最根本的变化是引起了成瘾者许多基因转录和表达改变。这些基因包括与神经元损害有关的基因、与日节律有关的基因、与行为异常有关的基因及其它一些无法分类的基因。它们基因转录和表达水平增高或者降低引起了甲基安非他命成瘾者各种临床表现。研究这些基因表达可以为法医学鉴定提供依据。     

华东地区汉族人群D2S1399和D5S2500基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的研究D2S1399和D5S2500基因座在中国华东地区汉族群体遗传多态性。方法应用PCR、聚丙烯酰胺垂直电泳及银染技术检测D2S1399和D5S2500基因座的遗传多态性。结果D2S1399和D5S2500基因座在中国华东汉族群体分别检出11个和9个等位基因,其观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.745和0.807,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.850和0.750,个体识别能力(DP)分别为0.958和0.917,非父排除率(PE)分别为0.554和0.643。结论D2S1399和D5S2500两个基因座是高度多态性STR基因座,在法医学中有重要应用价值。     

传染性腔上囊病病毒HN01超强毒株VP2基因的克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中登录的传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)标准强毒株52-70株基因组序列,设计并合成了1对扩增IBDV VP2基因的特异性引物.以IBDV超强毒分离株HN01感染发病鸡腔上囊组织中提取的病毒RNA为模板,用RT-PCR扩增出了1.45 kb的cDNA产物,将扩增的IBDV HN01株VP2基因克隆于pMD 18-T载体上,获得了pMD 18-T-VP2重组质粒.将IBDV HN01株 VP2基因序列测定结果与已发表的其他IBDV毒株VP2基因序列进行分析比较,绘出系统进化树.结果表明,HN01株与欧洲超强毒株UK661、日本超强毒株OKYM、香港超强毒株HK46等非常相似,而与经典强毒株、弱毒株和变异株相差较大.