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771.
心理学在一百余年发展历程中以研究方式的自然主义、研究风格的本体论、研究精神的简约性、研究理念因果性、研究方法实证性等理念和精神,建构起自然科学品性.尽管心理学长期以来获得了科学的名分与尊严,但是,它以对科学主义的执意追求,对理性精神的无限张扬,对本身研究生态效度的忽视,对逻辑语词的过于关注,导致现代心理学只见树木,不见森林.现代心理学研究重心和空间的变化与转移,呼唤着心理学理解框架的重新建构,呼唤着重新理解奠基于文化土壤中的心理学.  相似文献   
772.
对自白进行补强是限制自白证明力和遏制非法取证的必要手段。本文对美国和日本自白补强规则中的补强证据证明对象、证据能力和证明程度以及共犯自白等方面进行了比较,认为补强证据应当具有证据能力,它不仅可以补强自白,还应当能够证明案件事实,并且应达到相当的证明程度。我国的自白补强规则极不完善,需要进一步改进。  相似文献   
773.
科学研究在大学中的发展依据其与教学的关系大致可以分为三个不同的阶段.一般认为,科学研究正式进入大学是在19世纪初期,洪堡提出通过研究进行教学的思想,研究与教学相结合成为大学的基本原则,研究作为大学培养学生的主要方法.19世纪后期美国大学中研究生教育制度的确立,使研究与教学相结合被提升到研究生教育层次,明确了研究与教学相结合在大学实践中的局限性或条件性.20世纪中期,科学发展进入"大科学"时代之后,大学的研究被纳入"大科学"体系,一些研究的目的遂发生变化,开始脱离教学.即在现代大学中虽然以培养人才为基本出发点、与教学紧密结合、自由探究、小规模甚或个别式、传统的科学与学术研究仍存在,但同时出现了为了教育之外的某个目的、与教学没有什么关系、有明确的组织目标、大规模的科学研究.  相似文献   
774.
We examine here some of the interactions of research and policy over the past several decades. The “rehabilitation period” was effectively terminated by nulleffect evaluations of various rehabilitation techniques. The “just deserts-utilitarian period” was fed by research estimates of the deterrent and incapacitative effects of criminal justice activities. The more recent “overt politicization period” saw the earlier attempt to bring rational and theory-based perspectives to policy development replaced by much stronger emphasis on political concerns. We explore possible ways to reestablish the research-policy connections. This paper was prepared for the Plenary Session,Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10-Year Anniversary, 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Boston, MA.  相似文献   
775.
20世纪90年代以来,是中国宪法学理论体系和研究范式急速发展与嬗变的历史时期,频繁而热烈的学术争论是其显著标志。基于宪法学本体论、知识论和方法论三个维度的学术史考察发现,这20年的宪法学研究呈现出一条以"反思与重述"为基本特征的学术演进脉络,以及研讨主题和范式的两次转换与嬗变。面对持续的社会转型与国家制度建设,中国宪法学需要立足宪法文本和宪政实践来寻求新的共识,发展出一种能够解释中国问题,弥合事实和规范之间缝隙,指引中国宪政建设的知识体系与研究方法。  相似文献   
776.
    
Abstract

A government’s political identity is a key factor in meta-governance; it powerfully shapes a government’s policy aims and implementation preferences at the most abstract level and forms a stable governance mode. Dissonance between a pre-existing governance mode and the government’s evolved political identity will lead to governance failures and pose political challenges to the government. In the case of vegetable retail in Shanghai, the neoliberal developmental state transformed the hierarchical governance into market governance; but as it evolves into a corporatist welfare state, market imperfections come to be perceived as governance failures, and the government responds by reintroducing hierarchical measures.  相似文献   
777.
Local autonomy is a highly valued feature of good governance. The continuous efforts of many European countries to strengthen the autonomy of local government show the importance given to decentralization and the transfer of far-reaching competences to the lowest units. Measuring and comparing local autonomy, however, has proven to be challenging. Not only are there diverging ideas about the core elements of local autonomy, there are also considerable difficulties applying specific concepts to different countries. This paper outlines a comprehensive methodology for measuring local autonomy. It analyses 39 European countries and reports changes between 1990 and 2014. A network of experts on local government assessed the autonomy of local government of their respective countries on the basis of a common code book. The 11 variables measured show an overall increase of local autonomy but significant variation between the countries. The variables also add up to an overall measurement of local autonomy.  相似文献   
778.
    
This paper challenges some widespread theoretical assumptions and practices in the study of populism and proposes a new multidimensional approach to generate and analyse data on this latent construct. Rather than focusing on categorising subjects as populists or not, it recommends reaching a better understanding of what populism is, the salience and relative weight of its attributes and how they interact creating an inner populist logic. Despite the increasing media and academic attention, historical discrepancies in how to conceptualise and operationalise populism have hindered cumulative progress in the literature. Initially most efforts were devoted to the study of specific movements, without a clear comparative angle, and the concept of populism was often conflated with that of nationalism. When the literature started to pay more attention to the analysis of the attributes associated with populism serious disagreements emerged concerning its true essence. Populism has been conceptualised as an ideology, a cynical strategy, a performative style and a discursive logic of articulation. The disputes between these competing interpretations have arguably slowed down the generation of comparative data. Although this article is meant to be a critique of the current state of the field and a call to make it pivot into a slightly different direction, it does not adopt an iconoclast stance and largely tries to reconcile the different existing research traditions – ideational, discursive, performative and strategic. It shows that their efforts are to a great extent complementary but mostly operating on different rungs of the ladder of abstraction. This paper argues that shifting from minimal definitions into a multidimensional approach may stimulate the generation of comparative data on a wider range of attributes and facilitate the identification of degrees and varieties within populism. This paper develops a new analytical framework which deconstructs populism into five dimensions: (1) depiction of the polity, (2) morality, (3) construction of society, (4) sovereignty and (5) leadership. These dimensions, that synthesise the most influential conceptualisations of populism, are empirically and theoretically interconnected and encompass ideational, discursive and performative attributes suggested in the literature. These dimensions are in turn composed of lower order attributes forming a multilayered network structure. This multidimensional framework provides a heuristic template that can be adapted and operationalised in diverse ways depending on the hypotheses, type of data and subjects of the analysis. Some examples of how to turn these dimensions into variables to capture supply- and demand-side populism are introduced. Future empirical research could help map and better understand the network of interactions and intersections among these dimensions and attributes. This could be the key to settle some of the current conceptual debates about populism and its varieties.  相似文献   
779.
    
An autoethnographic and self-reflexive theorised analysis of aspects of the South African Communication Association reveals that its internal tensions mimicked wider contradictions both during and after apartheid. The historical role played by the association is critically examined in relation to issues of governance and naming, and with regard to its shaping of the South African scholarly community as it negotiated different paradigms, constituencies and historical-political-economic contexts. The analysis is embedded in a critique of neoliberalism and how this condition has impacted the management procedures of the association.  相似文献   
780.
    
Despite a large body of literature detailing crime reporting practices, scant research examines the correlates of the crime reporting decision in developing nations with newer democracies, newer economies, or developing economies. Using a sample of 23 nations from the 2000 International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS), this study tests the generalizability of correlates of robbery and assault reports to the police in a non-US sample to determine whether there are national differences in reporting practices. Based on this analysis emphasizing the developing world and countries in transition, an expanded model, integrating incident, demographic, police-related, and national variables, is developed that will enhance our understanding of differences in reporting practices in developing and developed nations. Results identified both similarities and differences in crime reporting practices between developed and developing nations. Although the findings reinforce the importance of incident and demographic characteristics on reporting crime to the police, they also suggest that national variables, reflecting economic and social context, should not be excluded from studies examining reporting practices.  相似文献   
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