聚合酶链反应检测绵羊肺炎霉形体的研究

参照基因库中已发表的绵羊肺炎霉形体Y98株的 1 6SrDNA序列 ,设计合成了 1对引物 ,建立了聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测绵羊肺炎霉形体的方法。结果显示 ,所建立的PCR能特异扩增绵羊肺炎霉形体的DNA ,而对照的菌株均为阴性 ;其敏感性可达 1pg。经对绵羊肺炎霉形体分离株HD 1的扩增产物进行测序 ,并与绵羊肺炎霉形体标准株Y98的 1 6SrDNA序列进行比较 ,发现有 6个碱基的差异     

猪捷申病毒3D蛋白的原核高效表达及其反应活性

根据猪捷申病毒(PTV)Swine/CH/IMH/03株核苷酸序列,设计了1对特异性引物,以全长基因组重组质粒pSK-PTVFL为模板扩增了3D基因,并将扩增产物定向克隆到原核表达载体pET30a(+)中,阳性质粒转化BL21(DE3),阳性菌经0.3 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,进行Western-blotting检测。结果显示,3D蛋白获得了高效表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的66.1%,且重组蛋白能与PTV Swine/CH/IMH/03株阳性血清发生特异性反应。表明,3D蛋白能在大肠杆菌中高效表达,并具有良好的免疫原性,这为开发相应的鉴别诊断技术奠定了基础。     

Powdered Activated Carbon: An Alternative Approach to Genomic DNA Purification

Forensic evidence samples are routinely found as stains on various substrates, which may contain substances known to inhibit polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The goal of this study was to evaluate post‐Chelex^®100 purification using powdered activated carbon (PAC). Mock crime scene DNA extracts were analyzed using quantitative PCR and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling to test the DNA recovery and inhibitor removal using PAC with those of the Amicon^®Ultra 100K. For extracted bloodstains on soil and wood substrates, PAC and Amicon^®Ultra 100K generated similar DNA yield and quality. Moreover, the two methods significantly decreased the concentration of humic substances and tannins compared to nonpurified extracts (p < 0.001). In instances where extracts contained indigo dye (bloodstains on denim), Amicon^®Ultra 100K performed better than PAC due to improved amplifiability. Efficient adsorption of humic substances and tannins, which are common inhibitors, indicates PAC's potential application in the purification of high‐template DNA extracts.     

Forensic Potential of MMPs and CC Chemokines for Wound Age Determination

In this study, we investigated time-dependent expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, chemokine CC motif ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-5, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA at the skin injury site and sought their forensic potentials during the skin wound repair process. The tested wound ages in 42 mouse skin wounds were distributed at 0d, 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 10d, and 14d, respectively and then followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ultimately, MMP-2 played an important role in the inflammation phase. On the contrary, MMP-9 became involved at a later phase during wound healing. Meanwhile, CCL-2 and CCL-3 were active throughout almost all of the process. However, CCL-5 mRNA had no significance. Collectively, an MMP-9/MMP-2 ratio of over 0.84 indicated that skin wound healing age was strongly 5 days or less. So elevated gene expressions of cytokines and chemokines in different phases of wound ages implied that combined exploration could make wound age determination more accurate and objective.     

Screening Test for Shed Skin Cells by Measuring the Ratio of Human DNA to Staphylococcus epidermidis DNA

A novel screening method for shed skin cells by detecting Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), which is a resident bacterium on skin, was developed. Staphylococcus epidermidis was detected using real‐time PCR. Staphylococcus epidermidis was detected in all 20 human skin surface samples. Although not present in blood and urine samples, S. epidermidis was detected in 6 of 20 saliva samples, and 5 of 18 semen samples. The ratio of human DNA to S. epidermidisDNA was significantly smaller in human skin surface samples than in saliva and semen samples in which S. epidermidis was detected. Therefore, although skin cells could not be identified by detecting only S. epidermidis, they could be distinguished by measuring the S. epidermidis to human DNA ratio. This method could be applied to casework touch samples, which suggests that it is useful for screening whether skin cells and human DNA are present on potential evidentiary touch samples.     

Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in Degenerated Samples that were False‐negative by Immunochromatography,,

Forensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA expression analysis to samples that showed a false‐negative with immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not depend on the antigen–antibody reaction. Real‐time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable in 37‐year‐old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to immunochromatography.     

Evaluation of Postmortem Bacterial Migration Using Culturing and Real‐Time Quantitative PCR

Postmortem bacteriology can be a valuable tool for evaluating deaths due to bacterial infection or for researching the involvement of bacteria in various diseases. In this study, time‐dependent postmortem bacterial migration into liver, mesenteric lymph node, pericardial fluid, portal, and peripheral vein was analyzed in 33 autopsy cases by bacterial culturing and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). None suffered or died from bacterial infection. According to culturing, pericardial fluid and liver were the most sterile samples up to 5 days postmortem. In these samples, multigrowth and staphylococci were not or rarely detected. RT‐qPCR was more sensitive and showed higher bacterial positivity in all samples. Relative amounts of intestinal bacterial DNA (bifidobacteria, bacteroides, enterobacter, clostridia) increased with time. Sterility of blood samples was low during the studied time periods (1–7 days). The best postmortem microbiological sampling sites were pericardial fluid and liver up to 5 days after death.     

Qiagen's Investigator™ Quantiplex Kit as a Predictor of STR Amplification Success from Low‐Yield DNA Samples,

Qiagen's Investigator? Quantiplex kit, a total human DNA quantitation kit, has a 200‐base pair internal control, fast cycling time, and scorpion molecules containing a covalently linked primer, probe, fluorophore, and quencher. The Investigator? Quantiplex kit was evaluated to investigate a value under which complete short tandem repeat (STR) failure was consistently obtained. Buccal swabs were extracted using the Qiagen QIAamp^® DNA Blood Mini Kit, quantified with the Investigator? Quantiplex kit using a tested half‐volume reaction, amplified with the ABI AmpFlSTR^® Identifiler kit, separated on the 3100Avant Genetic Analyzer, and data analyzed with GeneMapper^® ID v.3.2. While undetected samples were unlikely to produce sufficient data for statistical calculations or CODIS upload (2.00 alleles and 0.82 complete loci on average), data may be useful for exclusionary purposes. Thus, the Investigator? Quantiplex kit may be useful for predicting STR success. These findings are comparable with previously reported data from the Quantifiler? Human kit.     

A 27‐Locus STR Assay to Meet All United States and European Law Enforcement Agency Standards,

Different national and international agencies have selected specific STR sets for forensic database use. To enhance database comparison across national and international borders, a 27‐locus multiplex system was developed comprising all 15 STR loci of the European standard set, the current 13 STR loci of the CODIS core, the proposed 22 STR loci of the expanded CODIS core, 4 additional commonly used STR loci, and the amelogenin locus. Development required iterative primer design to resolve primer‐related artifacts, amplicon sizing, and locus‐to‐locus balance issues. The 19.5‐min assay incorporated newly developed six‐dye chemistry analyzed using a novel microfluidic electrophoresis instrument capable of simultaneous detection and discrimination of 8 or more fluorescent dyes. The 27‐locus multiplex offers the potential for a new international STR standard permitting laboratories in any jurisdiction to use a single reaction to determine profiles for loci they typically generate plus an expanded common STR profiling set of global interest.     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RNA聚合酶在真核细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位

为研究鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶的分子生物学特性及其在细胞中的定位,构建了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶与增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的真核重组表达质粒;然后用脂质体介导转染MDCK细胞。分别使用荧光显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜以及4,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和蛋白免疫电泳试验等方法检测了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶在细胞中的表达和亚细胞定位情况。结果表明,RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶能与增强型绿色荧光蛋白一起在MDCK细胞中良好表达,且主要分布于细胞核中,Western-blot分析结果显示,融合蛋白在80ku处出现阳性条带,说明表达的外源蛋白具有免疫活性。表明成功构建了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶与增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合表达载体,并在真核细胞内实现了表达,通过检测荧光蛋白,发现RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶主要在细胞核中发挥复制酶的功能。