Substance Use and Intimate Violence Among Incarcerated Males

The purpose of this study was to examine substance use patterns among a sample of incarcerated males who report engaging in levels of intimate violence, as well as identifying similarities and differences in demographic, economic status, mental health, criminal justice involvement, relationships, and treatment factors for three groups of incarcerated males - those who report perpetrating low intimate violence, those who report perpetrating moderate intimate violence, and those who report perpetrating extreme intimate violence the year preceding their current incarceration. Findings indicated that low intimate violence group's perpetration consisted almost exclusively of emotional abuse. Moderately intimate violent males and extremely intimate violent males, however, report not only high rates of emotional abuse but physical abuse as well. The distinction between moderate and extremely violent groups was substantial. Findings also indicated that perpetrators at different levels of violence in this study did not vary significantly in age, employment history, marital status, or race. However, the three groups showed significant differences in three main areas: (1) cocaine and alcohol use patterns, (2) stranger violence perpetration and victimization experiences, and (3) emotional discomfort. Implications for substance abuse and mental health treatment interventions and for future research are discussed.     

西部大开发中民族地方法制建设的意义和作用

西部是我国少数民族最集中的地区,每个少数民族都有其独特的生产、生活和传统文化习俗.在西部大开发的过程中,会因为文化差异而出现新的情况和问题,仅靠统一的国家大法来解决是非常困难的,这就需要靠新的、有针对性的民族地方法律法规的出台和执行来保证西部大开发的顺利和有序进行.所以,民族地方法制建设对西部民族地区的开发和发展有着重要的保障作用.     

论自治条例单行条例的法律地位

制定自治条例和单行条例 (自治法规 )是民族区域自治地方自治机关的一项自治权。自治法规的效力等级高于一般地方性法规而具有法律性质 ,但其适用范围仅限于本民族区域自治地方。上级国家机关要尊重和保障民族区域自治地方自治机关的自治权 ,但自治法规不能规定和约束上级国家机关。制定机关和批准机关对于自治法规都享有“半个立法权”的说法 ,实际上是把报请批准自治法规视同提请审议自治法规案 ,把自治机关享有的自治法规制定权视同拟定权。自治州、自治县的自治法规报请省级人大常委会批准后生效的规定 ,是一项宪法原则 ,这是我国民族区域自治地方立法体制的一大特点。在自治法规的效力等级和适用范围问题上的分歧 ,源于如何正确认识民族区域自治制度。     

少数民族地区的人力资源开发

随着知识经济时代的到来 ,世界各国非常重视人力资源的开发。在新的历史时期 ,西部民族地区与东部沿海地区的差距不仅表现在经济方面 ,更为突出地表现在知识和信息方面。要缩小差距 ,当务之急是西部民族地区要切实把人力资源开发提到重要的议事日程 ,抓住国家实施西部大开发战略的历史机遇 ,大力发展科技教育、文化卫生 ,努力提高人口素质 ,在知识、技术和信息上缩小与沿海发达地区的差距     

Anthropological analyses of 30 insertion/deletion autosomal markers in five major ethnic groups of Pakistan

We investigated the forensic efficacy of the 30 insertion/deletion (Indel) markers included in the Qiagen Investigator® DIPplex kit in 529 Pakistani individuals from five major subpopulations in Pakistan (Punjabi, Pashtun, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Baloch). In the Sindhi population, the distribution of HLD81 and HLD97 alleles deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. The combined match probability ranged from 2.0E-12 (Pashtun and Baloch) to 1.0E-12 (Sindhi), and the mean paternity exclusion power varied from 0.995 (Punjabi, Sindhi, and Saraiki) to 0.996 (Pashtun and Baloch). The high combined power of discrimination (0.999 999 999 999 97) and low combined match probability (1.7E-12) for all subpopulations studied support the utility of the 30 Indel markers for forensic identification in the studied subpopulations. The allele frequencies of the Indel markers in the Pakistani subpopulations were compared with those from 18 other populations. The results show that the populations clustered according to geography. The subpopulations investigated in this work showed a close genetic relationship with others from Pakistan, as well as with South Central Asian and Middle Eastern populations. The results suggest that the Investigator^® DIPplex kit can be useful as a supplementary tool for human identification in the five Pakistani subpopulations investigated in this study.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1933366 .     

开四关法治疗老年功能性便秘临床疗效观察

目的 观察开四关法治疗老年功能性便秘的临床疗效。方法 将70 例老年功能性便秘患者按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,各35例。治疗组采用开四关法,对照组予常规针刺法。分别于治疗前后观察两组患者每周自主排便（spontaneous bowel movements,SBM）次数、便秘患者生活质量评价量表（patient assessment of constipation quality of life questionnaire,PAC-QOL）评分及简明生活质量量表(36-item short-form health survey,SF-36）评分,并检测一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）、一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）、血管活性肠肽（vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP）水平。结果 治疗组临床疗效优于对照组（P＜0.05）;在治疗2周、4周后,治疗组SBM次数均显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后PAC-QOL和SF-36总评分均有显著变化（P<0.05）,且治疗组较对照组改善明显（P<0.05）。治疗组治疗后NO、NOS、VIP降低程度显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 开四关法治疗老年功能性便秘疗效确切,其部分机制可能与降低血清NO有关。     

通治方、专方及主方内涵探析

通治方、专方及主方是中医学的常用术语,但目前学界对其界定不清。根据历代医籍中有关通治方、专方、主方的内容记载,结合现代各种认识,认为通治方是一方可用于多种疾病的治方,专方是专门针对某一疾病的治方,主方是针对某病的主证(基础或主导病机)的治方。厘清通治方、专方、主方的概念内涵,对于认识中医辨证(病)论治及方药运用规律具有重要意义。     

论宽严相济刑事政策在检察工作中的运用

落实宽严相济的刑事政策是构建和谐社会对于刑事司法的必然要求,也是刑事司法活动自身内在的规律和必须要求,检察机关作为法律监督机关,贯彻好宽严相济的刑事司法政策,对于构建社会主义和谐社会提供有力的司法保障具有重要的现实意义。笔者就基层检察工作中如何运用宽严相济刑事司法政策予以论述。     

Municipal population size and the benefits of inter-municipal cooperation: panel data evidence from Japan

ABSTRACT

Intermunicipal cooperation (IMC) facilitates efficient public service delivery. This study measures how the benefits municipalities gain through IMC differ according to municipal population size and service provision type. Focusing on public health and fire protection services, this study employs panel data regression for 1,706 Japanese municipalities over a five-year period, 2012–2017. This study has several major findings. First, an increase in the IMC spending ratio reduces public spending in both the studied services. Second, the marginal effect of IMC varies depending on the size of the municipal population. More specifically, the marginal effect of IMC on public health has a narrow confidence interval with a wide ranging population scale, while the marginal effect of IMC on fire protection produces negative values for only 151 municipalities due to extensive standard error. These findings can help municipalities take advantage of IMC to improve public service delivery.     

Third molar development in a London population of White British and Black British or other Black ethnicity

Population differences in dental development between Black and White ethnic groups have been debated but not previously studied in the UK. Using inappropriate data for dental age estimation (DAE) could lead to erroneous results and injustice. Data were collected from dental panoramic radiographs of 5590 subjects aged 6–24 years in a teaching hospital archive. Demirjian stages were determined for left-sided teeth and third molars and data collected regarding hypodontia and third molar agenesis. Third molar development in self-assigned Black British, including other self-assigned Black ethnicity, was compared with that of self-assigned White British subjects. Data were compared for males and females in the two ethnic groups using T-tests for Demirjian Stages A–G of third molar development and Mann-Whitney tests for Stage H once a cut-off age at the maximum age for Stage G had been imposed. Third molar development occurred earlier in subjects of Black ancestry compared to those of White ancestry. While both ethnic groups showed large age ranges for every third molar stage, in female subjects these generally occurred at least 1.5 years earlier, and in males at least one year earlier. Hypodontia and third molar agenesis were more prevalent in White British, but the ethnic difference in third molar development persisted in subjects with complete dentitions. This is a large study that confirms ethnic differences in a London population, emphasises the difficulties of establishing the 18-year-old threshold using DAE, and confirms the risk of overestimating the age of individuals of Black ethnicity using White ethnic reference data.