论法院强制执行具体行政行为制度的悖谬——以法院对执行申请的审查为视角

一项不合理的制度,是不可能通过理论上的思辨解释或具体操作方式的选择而变得合理的,我国法院强制执行具体行政行为制度就是如此。虽然目前我国法院对受理要求执行具体行政行为的申请后的审查方式有实质性审查、形式审查和明显违法审查三种不同的观点和做法,但由于我国主要由人民法院强制执行具体行政行为的基本制度本身是不合理的,因此,无论人民法院在受理执行申请后,选择何种审查方式,都完全无法摆脱理论和现实上的双重困境。重新建构我国具体行政行为强制执行制度势在必行。     

Allelic frequencies and statistical data obtained from 48 AIM INDEL loci in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon

Allelic frequencies of 48 informative insert-delete (INDEL) loci were obtained from a sample set of 130 unrelated individuals living in Macapá, a city located in the northern Amazon region, in Brazil. The values of heterozygosity (H), polymorphic information content (PIC), power of discrimination (PD), power of exclusion (PE), matching probability (MP) and typical paternity index (TPI) were calculated and showed the forensic efficiency of these genetic markers. Based on the allele frequency obtained for the population of Macapá, we estimated an interethnic admixture for the three parental groups (European, Native American and African) of, respectively, 50%, 21% and 29%. Comparing these allele frequencies with those of other Brazilian populations and the parental populations, statistically significant distances were found. The interpopulation genetic distance (F_ST coefficients) to the present database ranged from F_ST = 0.0431 (p < 0.00001) between Macapá and Belém to F_ST = 0.266 (p < 0.00001) between Macapá and the Native American group.     

A study of sexual dimorphism in the femur among North Indians

Determination of sex of unknown skeleton remains is the most important step in the identification process. Racial and regional differences in the populations create and maintain specificity in their dimorphic characteristics. Moreover, considering continued secular changes in the population structure, constant revision of osteometric standards becomes mandatory. In an effort to establish osteometric standards for the femur of contemporary North Indian populations, 122 adult femora of known sex (M: 94; F: 28) were collected in the Department of Forensic Medicine, IMS, BHU, Varanasi. Eight standard parameters were measured and analyzed by discriminant function analysis using SPSS 16. The accuracy of sex prediction ranged from 70.5% to 83.6% with single variables. In stepwise analysis, epicondylar breadth, proximal breadth, and antero-posterior diameter of the lateral condyle were found to be the most discriminating variables providing an accuracy of 90.2%. The results clearly indicate the importance of the ends of femur in the determination of sex.     

Comparison of bulk and compound-specific δ13C isotope ratio analyses for the discrimination between cannabis samples

Five marijuana samples were compared using bulk isotope analysis compound-specific isotope ratio analysis of the extracted cannabinoids. Owing to the age of our cannabis samples, four of the five samples were compared using the isotope ratios of cannabinol (CBN), a stable degradation product of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Bulk δ(13)C isotope analysis discriminated between all five samples at the 95% confidence level. Compound-specific δ(13)C isotope analysis could not distinguish between one pair of the five samples at the 95% confidence level. All the measured cannabinoids showed significant depletion in (13)C relative to bulk isotope values; the isotope ratios for THC, CBN, and cannabidiol were on average 1.6‰, 1.7‰, and 2.2‰ more negative than the bulk values, respectively. A more detailed investigation needs to be conducted to assess the degree fractionation between the different cannabinoids, especially after aging.     

Southwest China Han Population data for nine Y-STR loci by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

POPULATION: One hundred and twenty unrelated Han ethnic individuals from Chengdu, southwest China.     

Haplotype frequencies of eight Y-chromosome short tandem repeats loci in four Amerindian populations (state of Hidalgo, Mexico)

Population: Amerindian populations: Huastecos (n=97), Otomies de la Sierra (n=41), Otomies del Valle (n=40), and Tepehuas (n=13).     

Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: implication for reference database

One hundred and fifty individuals have been sampled across Central-South Italy and genotyped for Y chromosome STRs by PowerPlex Y system. Comparison with previous Italian databases revealed that majority of Y chromosome variation still need to be sampled. Identification of locus duplications, distribution of genetic variation and firstly identified alleles point to the necessity of more focused sampling strategies for reference databases.     

论著作权侵权一般条款——著作权侵权与救济立法模式探讨

包括知识产权制度在内的法律制度是一个有机体系,其法律解释和适用应当在体系化思维的指导下进行。就著作权制度而言,基于著作权是一种民事权利,应当将著作权制度作为民法的一个有机组成部分来建构、理解和适用。在体系化思维指导下,考虑到著作权制度回应社会实践、发展和进化的需要,著作权制度应当从"具体规定性"逐渐过渡到"抽象规定性"的立法模式。就著作权救济制度而言,应当设立著作权侵权一般条款,同时,考虑到著作权制度明晰化和可操作性的需要,也应当就实践中已经成熟的著作权样态作类型化处理,并且将处理后的典型侵权行为以列举的方式规定在著作权法中。换言之,著作权救济制度应当采取"一般条款+列举式规定"的立法模式。