两岸政经互动：理论探索与路径选择

2008年5月以来,两岸双方在反对“台独”、坚持“九二共识”的政治基础上,开创了和平发展的新局面。两岸政治关系有所改善,经济关系突飞猛进,然而两岸政治关系的相对滞后已明显妨碍到两岸经济关系的进一步深化。在两岸关系步人“深水区”之后,两岸双方应积极采取有效措施,维护巩固“一中框架”,加强法律制度建设,开启政治对话进程,深化媒体交流合作,努力推进两岸政治关系与经济关系的良性互动,为巩固与深化两岸关系和平发展提供有力保障。     

The Effect of Decomposition on the Efficacy of Biometrics for Positive Identification

Biometrics, unique measurable physiological and behavioral characteristics, are used to identify individuals in a variety of scenarios, including forensic investigations. However, data on the longevity of these indicators are incomplete. This study demonstrated that iris and fingerprint biometric data can be obtained up to four days postmortem in warmer seasons and 50 + days in the winter. It has been generally believed, but never studied, that iris recognition is only obtainable within the first 24 hours after death. However, this study showed that they remain viable for longer (2–34 days) depending upon the environmental conditions. Temperature, precipitation, insects, and scavenger activity were the primary factors affecting the retention of biometrics in decomposing human remains. While this study is an initial step in determining the utility of physiological biometrics across postmortem time, biometric research has the potential to make important contributions to human identification and the law enforcement, military, and medicolegal communities.     

The Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Assessment of Diatom Test for Drowning: An Analysis of 128 Water‐related Death Cases using Microwave Digestion‐Vacuum Filtration‐Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy

The value of diatom test for the diagnosis of drowning remains controversial. The conventional forensic diatom test with low sensitivity is not a useful tool to provide accurate information about diatom in the tissues and organs. To improve the sensitivity of the diatom test, we developed a novel method called the Microwave Digestion‐Vacuum Filtration‐Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy (MD‐VF‐Auto SEM) method which resulted in a high recovery of diatoms. In this article, we analyzed 128 water‐related death cases. Our results showed that the MD‐VF‐Auto SEM method could achieve a much higher positive rate (0.97) in drowning cases. Large amounts of diatoms are retained, even concentrated, in the lung tissues during the intense breathing movement in drowning process. This might be useful for the diagnosis of drowning. Our research indicates that the MD‐VF‐Auto SEM method would be a valuable methodology in the study of diatom test for the forensic community.     

Fourier-transformed infrared breath testing after ingestion of technical alcohol

The study aim was to evaluate the feasibility of a Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) analyzer for out-of-laboratory use by screening the exhalations of inebriated individuals, and to determine analysis quality using common breath components and solvents. Each of the 35 inebriated participants gave an acceptable sample. Because of the metabolism of 2-propanol, the subjects exhaled high concentrations of acetone in addition to ethanol. Other volatile ingredients of technical ethanol products (methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and 2-propanol) were also detected. The lower limits of quantification for the analyzed components ranged from 1.7 to 12 microg/L in simulated breath samples. The bias was +/-2% for ethanol and -11% for methanol. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were <1% for ethanol and <4% for methanol. The bias of ethanol and methanol analyses due to coexisting solvents ranged from -0.8 to +2.2% and from -5.6 to +2.9%, respectively. The FT-IR method proved suitable for use outside the laboratory and fulfilled the quality criteria for analysis of solvents in breath.     

司法裁判中的隐性知识论纲

作为现代认识论的重要课题的隐性知识论的价值不仅在于揭示了隐性知识的存在,更在于论证了知识的本质是隐性的。司法隐性知识问题在当代英美法系司法实践中得以显现并在相关法学著述中多有表述。在我国大陆,司法隐性知识也广泛存在于案件裁判的事实建构与法律发现诸环节中,并在司法判案中有它特定的位置。司法前见、一般推理、事实解释、图式加工、事实剪裁、经验参与、结果导向、观念辐射等都是对司法隐性知识的艰难表述。连接隐性知识与既定法律规范依赖于法律修辞,裁判凭藉判决修辞而获得形式正当性并为公众更好地接受。现代诉讼程序规则是激励与规制司法隐性知识运用的制度环境,司法隐性知识的研究对当前我国大陆法治文化建设具有特别重要的启示意义。     

环境公害实证判定——以公害诉讼为判定视角

环境公害是基于人类活动的作为与不作为而产生的一种公共生存环境损害行为。从司法审判与社会发展的实证考察,由于经济本位体制、犯罪与非犯罪行为、公害防控和救济体制稀缺导致大气污染、水土污染、噪音、公共建筑损坏、生态资源破坏、文化遗产破坏等公害类型越发剧烈,严重影响着人类公共生存环境。而环境公害与防控公害的博弈存续态势,使构建公害诉讼防控环境公害变得越发紧迫和重要。     

如何构建我国社会保障制度的新机制

当代西方福利国家的社会保障制度正从"黄金时期"转入"社会福利危机时期",对处于转型时期的我国来说,现行的社会保障制度也面临价值选择与制度重构的双重挑战。在统筹城乡发展与建设社会主义和谐社会的宏大背景下,社会保障的核心价值理念应从"反贫困、重效率"向"保障积极人权、追求社会公平正义"回归;社会保障的核心制度模式应当是发展型社会保障制度。建立发展型社会保障制度的关键是将国民的发展权置于首位,促进充分就业,使发展型社会保障与积极的就业政策之间呈现良性的互动。我国应依据上述原则和理念,构建社会保障制度的新机制。     

宪法社会权及其司法救济——比较法的视角

宪法社会权的正当性及其直接司法救济的可行性是存在争议的问题,不同国家在不同情况下对于该问题采取了不同态度,有的国家仅把宪法社会权作为不可直接司法救济的宣示性权利;有的则采取了“弱救济”的方式,更多尊重立法与行政部门的裁量权;也有的法院在特殊情况下会采用“强救济”的方式,直接判决强制实现宪法社会权。实际上,法院可能会根据实际情况转化适用“弱救济”与“强救济”。在宪法社会权领域,不可过分依赖司法救济,而应更多地由政府根据人民的需要来具体实现。排除了直接司法救济这一必要条件,宪法社会权的正当性难题也就迎刃而解。     

OECD国家积极的劳动力市场政策体制中的三方机制

积极的劳动力市场政策体制中的三方机制,是社会伙伴发挥影响的重要途径之一。通过对OECD四国的劳动力市场体制,可以得出如下结论:虽然由于经济全球化、工会影响力的消减,以及一定程度上由于三方的劳动力市场管理机构财力有限,政府加大了对它的参与,以致其原有的独立性原则受到了损害。但在制定和实施积极的劳动力市场政策过程中坚持有效的三方参与,从长远来说却会促进社会伙伴关系和组合主义架构的建立。     

生命权之界定

生命权是西方宪政制度中的基本人权之一。本文从分析生命权与生存权的产生演变过程入手 ,通过比较研究 ,澄清了这两种基本权利之间的关系 ,从而对生命权的涵义作了较为深入的阐述。