应用ELISA检测人IgG进行血痕种属鉴别的研究——酶联免疫在物证检验中的应用研究之一

本文应用 ELISA-双抗体夹心法,通过检出血中的人 IgG 鉴定人血痕。双抗体夹心法是常用来检测抗原的一种方法,但在法医学上用于测定血痕种属尚少报道。我们建立的这种方法,新鲜人血痕的阳性结果可测到64万倍。保存三年的陈旧血痕仍可测出。马、牛、羊、狗、猪、鸡、鸭、鸽、兔、驴、骡和鹌鹑均为阴性。由于本法灵敏度高、特异性好、试剂易得,勿须贵重仪器,在物证检验中便于推广。     

论司法实践中的痕迹鉴定和同一认定结论

痕迹鉴定是一种司法活动，经鉴定后得出的结论尤其是同一认定结论在司法实践中具有很大的价值，某些时候成为定案的主要或唯一证据。但在实践中，却曾发现本来只能给出种类认定等其它结论，却得出了同一认定结论；或者能够得出同一结论却只给出种类认定等其它结论。前者有可能误导法官，被法庭采信成为定案的证据之一，导致冤、假、错案：后者则淹没了同一认定结论在司法实践中应有的价值。只有掌握痕迹鉴定的规律，充分挖掘痕迹本身的信息，才能最大程度发挥同一认定结论的司法价值。     

练习摹仿笔迹特征鉴定价值分析及同一认定条件

练习摹仿笔迹鉴定是笔迹鉴定中比较难的一种，但在司法实践中又比较常见，在借据、收据、签名、批示笔迹的书写上常常被作案人采用。本文对练习摹仿笔迹的特征及其鉴定价值进行了分析，并总结出作为一般规律的识别要素，以期对练习摹仿笔迹的鉴定提供一定的参考依据。     

复写纸复写笔迹变化的原因探析

与正常书写条件下形成的笔迹相比，复写纸复写笔迹的特征变化性更大，鉴定难度更高。本文阐述了从书写承受物、书写工具、书写时间、书写人心理等方面进行深入研究，探析复写纸复写笔迹变化的几点主要原因，为全面掌握复写纸复写笔迹变化的规律和准确鉴定该类笔迹打下了坚实的理论基础。     

论交通事故车辆行驶速度的鉴定方法

肇事车辆的车速鉴定是确定交通事故的性质、分析发生事故原因的重要证据．又是对交通事故责任认定的重要依据。根据牛顿运动学原理、车辆的结构、运动特性所进行的事故分析方法，在实际运用中具有计算过程简单、计算量小等优点，但无法对整个事故的过程进行模拟再现。为了适应《道路交通安全法》对道路交通事故处理提出的新要求，需要在事故分析车速鉴定计算中引入新的计算模型和理论，对事故分析计算进行研究、分析，使得事故分析结果更加客观、真实地还原事故过程。     

科学发展观：政治认同视角的解读

从政治认同的视角出发，科学发展观这一重大战略思想的提出顺应了社会发展的客观规律，积极回应了广大人民群众的切身利益与价值追求，为解决当前社会转型期面临的新情况、新形势、新问题指明了方向，有效地增强了人民群众对党和政府的政治认同，进一步奠定了中国共产党执政的合法性基石。     

心理学视野下的刑事辨认规则解析

辨认对侦查活动有着重要的意义，但是辨认的准确性会受到多种因素的影响。在刑事辨认过程中要提高辨认的准确率，必须遵循混杂辨认规则、说明规则、禁止暗示规则、分别辨认规则、保密规则、制作笔录规则。从心理学的视角看，我国的刑事辨认规则应进行如下修正：让不知情的人主持辨认，告知辨认人犯罪嫌疑人有可能在也有可能不在队列中或照片中，按顺序呈现辨认对象。     

论鉴定决定权的配置

应通过对不同鉴定制度的分析,结合我国鉴定制度的现状,构思我国鉴定决定权的合理配置。只有全面分析、系统研究,合理配置鉴定决定权,充分地适应司法制度、政治制度,鉴定活动的鉴定结论才能充分发挥证据作用,才能推动我国刑事证据规则的形成和实现。     

Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow strip test for rapid identification of human blood (Rapid Stain Identification™-Blood)

Human blood is the body fluid most commonly encountered at crime scenes, and blood detection may aid investigators in reconstructing what occurred during a crime. In addition, blood detection can help determine which items of evidence should be processed for DNA-STR testing. Unfortunately, many common substances can cause red-brown stains that resemble blood. Furthermore, many current human blood detection methods are presumptive and prone to false positive results. Here, the developmental validation of a new blood identification test, Rapid Stain Identification™-Blood (RSID™-Blood), is described. RSID™-Blood utilizes two anti-glycophorin A (red blood cell membrane specific protein) monoclonal antibodies in a lateral flow strip test format to detect human blood. We present evidence demonstrating that this test is accurate, reproducible, easy to use, and highly specific for human blood. Importantly, RSID™-Blood does not cross-react with ferret, skunk, or primate blood and exhibits no high-dose hook effect. Also, we describe studies on the sensitivity, body fluid specificity, and species specificity of RSID™-Blood. In addition, we show that the test can detect blood from a variety of forensic exhibits prior to processing for DNA-STR analysis. In conclusion, we suggest that RSID™-Blood is effective and useful for the detection of human blood on forensic exhibits, and offers improved blood detection when compared to other currently used methods.     

The effectiveness of NGO self‐regulation: theory and evidence from Africa

Non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) play an increasingly important role in public service provision and policy making in sub‐Saharan Africa, stimulating demand for new forms of regulatory oversight. In response, a number of initiatives in NGO self‐regulation have emerged. Using cross‐national data on 20 African countries, the article shows that self‐regulation in Africa falls into three types: national‐level guilds, NGO‐led clubs and voluntary codes of conduct. Each displays significant weaknesses from a regulatory policy perspective. National guilds have a broad scope, but require high administrative oversight capacity on the part of NGOs. Voluntary clubs have stronger standards but typically have much weaker coverage. Voluntary codes are the most common form of self‐regulation, but have the weakest regulatory strength. This article argues that the weakness of current attempts to improve the accountability and regulatory environment of NGOs stems in part from a mismatch between the goals of regulation and the institutional incentives embedded in the structure of most self‐regulatory regimes. The article uses the logic of collective action to illustrate the nature of this mismatch and the tradeoffs between the potential breadth and strength of various forms of NGO self‐regulation using three detailed case studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.