山西省文检工作的现状与改善

文件检验是刑事科学技术的一个重要组成部分,针对目前我省公安机关文检工作中存在的问题,探讨一些解决的方法,旨在引起各有关部门和专业人员的重视,以使文件检验工作能更好地发挥其应有的作用。     

扩增Amelogenin基因用于生物检材种属鉴定

目的扩增Amelogenin基因测定血痕或组织的种属,以确定在法医学检验中的应用价值。方法收集猪、羊、马等10几种常见动物的血痕或肌肉组织,应用PCR扩增Amelogenin基因,PAGE电泳,银染后观察结果。结果哺乳动物猪、牛、狗、羊、马、驴动物血痕扩增产物为1条带,片段长度102bp。猕猴检见106bp和112bp两条带,与人血痕没有区别。兔、猫、鼠血痕未检出特异性片段。其它常见物种鳝鱼、青蛙、鸭、鹅、鸽、鹌鹑、麻雀等均未见扩增产物。结论扩增Amelogenin基因进行种属鉴定,方法简单,灵敏度高,可应用于法医检案。     

GrinLine Identification Using Digital Imaging and Adobe Photoshop*

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to outline a method by which an antemortem photograph of a victim can be critically compared with a postmortem photograph in an effort to facilitate the identification process. Ten subjects, between 27 and 55 years old provided historical pictures of themselves exhibiting a broad smile showing anterior teeth to some extent (a grin). These photos were termed “antemortem” for the purpose of the study. A digital camera was used to take a current photo of each subject’s grin. These photos represented the “postmortem” images. A single subject’s “postmortem” photo set was randomly selected to be the “unknown victim.” These combined data of the unknown and the 10 antemortem subjects were digitally stored and, using Adobe Photoshop software, the images were sized and oriented for comparative analysis. The goal was to devise a technique that could facilitate the accurate determination of which “antemortem” subject was the “unknown.” The generation of antemortem digital overlays of the teeth visible in a grin and the comparison of those overlays to the images of the postmortem dentition is the foundation of the technique. The comparisons made using the GrinLine Identification Technique may assist medical examiners and coroners in making identifications or exclusions.     

死刑:一种残酷的刑罚

残酷刑罚是不尊重罪犯尊严和人格,或者剥夺或限制罪犯不应剥夺或限制的权利,或者无助于实现使罪犯成为新人要求的,或者造成罪犯肉体或精神上极度痛苦的不必要的刑罚。残酷刑罚的认定有绝对性和相对性两个标准。无论从绝对性还是相对性标准看,死刑都是一种残酷的刑罚。     

中国人男性硬腭的年龄变化研究

目的探讨腭缝及硬腭骨质年龄变化的规律,建立腭骨年龄判定的方法。方法对268例已知生前确切年龄的中国汉族男性的上腭硬腭腭缝的愈合情况及硬腭表面的骨质情况,进行了观察,将观察结果进行评分分级后,探讨硬腭骨骼特征与年龄的关系。结果将硬腭骨骼特征与年龄进行相关分析,并建立硬腭判定年龄的多组回归方程,判断年龄误差最小的为4.5岁。结论本文提出的硬腭年龄判定的方法,准确性较高,在较大年龄组的个体也可以得到较好的结果,是骨骼年龄判定的一个新的实用、可靠的方法。     

SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION,THREE STRIKES,AND THE PROBLEM OF AGING PRISON POPULATIONS: USING SIMULATION MODELING TO SEE THE FUTURE*

Research Summary: The growth of prison populations over the last three decades is a great source of concern for policy makers and observers. One mechanism by which this growth occurs is via sentencing reforms that extend length of stay for certain categories of offenders. This has the effect of aging prison populations, which is problematic for many reasons. Apart from the increased financial burdens entailed in caring for older prisoners, it is also important to consider the intent of reforms in evaluating them. Of late, sentencing reform has become increasingly focused on the selective incapacitation of dangerous offenders. Policies that have the effect of aging the prison population are problematic from this perspective due to the diminishing returns realized with respect to incapacitation as offenders age. Dynamic systems simulation analysis is employed to investigate the likely consequences of recent sentencing reforms that increase length of stay for some offenders. These analyses indicate that the effects of recent reforms may not be as dramatic as some observers have predicted, but they suggest that the consideration of alternatives to incarceration for elderly offenders is warranted from the standpoint of cost considerations as well as that of selective incapacitation. Policy Implications: The results indicate that California's Three Strikes law will not accelerate the rate of growth of the elderly prison population. However, even without increasing the proportional representation of elderly prisoners, the number of elderly prisoners is expected to grow substantially over the next three decades. These prisoners will strain criminal justice system resources while presenting little public safety threat. State criminal justice policy makers and their constituents should closely examine laws that impose very long stays without discretionary release, as these statutes may contribute to the production of elderly prisoners. This problem is particularly pronounced in Three Strikes and other habitual offender laws that use retrospective methods to identify habitual offenders. Additionally, the effects of reforms lengthening stay for some offenders must be considered in light of cumulative effects of sentencing reform resulting in changes to the demographic structure of the prison population overall. Dynamic systems simulation modeling is presented as a valuable policy‐making tool, as it allows the policy analyst to examine the potential impacts of laws in the absence of data suitable for conventional statistical analyses.     

数码照相在物证鉴定中的应用初探

数码显微照相、数码红外线反射照相、数码荧光照相、数码彩色分光照相、数码影像的处理技术在文书鉴定、痕迹物证鉴定中均可得到有效应用。随着数码照相研究的不断深入,数码照相在司法鉴定中的应用会越来越广泛。     

Ballistic fingerprinting databases

This article discusses a number of questions regarding the setting up of ballistic fingerprinting databases, consisting of ammunition components fired by all the firearms held in legal possession. These questions can be classified into three categories--the efficiency of the database, forensic issues, and practical issues to be dealt with. The current New York State legislation is used as an illustration of the choices to be made when setting up a ballistic fingerprinting database. Three important arguments are formulated against the installation of a ballistic fingerprinting database.     

谈早期脊纹在检验鉴定中的应用

早期脊纹存在于正常的、发育完全的摩擦脊纹中间,狭窄呈条状,达不到正常脊纹的高度且无毛孔结构。早期脊纹在比对中的价值要依赖于脊纹结构的清晰程度。鉴定过程就是要求鉴定人员在清晰可见的结构中寻找细节特征。对于不很清晰的早期脊纹来讲,只能将它看作是存在于脊纹之间的脊纹形态。     

STRUCTURAL FACTORS AND BLACK INTERRACIAL HOMICIDE: A NEW EXAMINATION OF THE CAUSAL PROCESS*

This study evaluates the assumption that deprivation among African Americans and racial inequality lead to black interracial homicide due to racial conflict and antagonism. Using refined race‐adjusted Supplemental Homicide Report data, Uniform Crime Report data and census data, we test an alternative hypothesis that draws on the macrostructural opportunity theory to assess and more accurately specify the relationship between structural characteristics and black interracial homicide. We find that first, the relationship between economic factors and black interracial homicide can be explained in large part by high rates of financially motivated crime such as robbery, and second, that economic factors are associated with financially motivated but not expressive black interracial killings. Analyses of black intraracial killings are performed for comparison purposes. Collectively, the findings suggest that conflict‐based explanations rooted in racial antagonism and frustration aggression may be premature.