近十年来我国现代法医昆虫学研究进展

法医昆虫学(Forensic entomology)指的是应用昆虫学知识解决法律上问题的法医学分支学科,在死后间隔时间判断,特别是腐败尸体的死后间隔时间判断等方面有著无可比拟的优越性。本文讨论了法医昆虫学的研究领域,从理论研究与实践应用两方面概述了近十年来法医昆虫学在我国的进展。     

农民工媒介形象嬗变:从“边缘人”到“新市民”

运用再现理论对《人民日报》、《新民晚报》、《羊城晚报》的历史研究发现,媒体建构的农民工群体正在蜕去早期的形象,经历着从都市"边缘人"到成长中的"新市民"的时代嬗变。这对于正确认识真实的农民工群体,正确认识城市化过程中的客观表象及背后的社会心理变迁,揭示大众传媒助推农民工融入城市的作用具有重要意义。     

利用尸体软组织生物力学性状时序性变化推断死亡时间

目的探讨尸体软组织生物力学性状时序性变化规律及其推断死亡时间的可行性。方法将实验大鼠用颈椎脱臼法处死,放置25℃恒温培养箱内即刻、6、12、18、24、30、36、42、48、60、72、96、120、144、168、192h,定时、定位、定向、定形切取大鼠胸部正中皮肤、腹壁肌肉、胸主动脉、结肠和小肠的生物力学试件,用电子万能材料试验机检测各试件的极限载荷、应变、应力生物力学参数。结果除主动脉外,尸体皮肤、肌肉、小肠、结肠的各项软组织生物力学参数均呈明显的死后时序性下降趋势。各参数下降趋势具有显著性差异的＂窗口期＂分别为：极限载荷：死后18h内皮肤、小肠呈下降趋势;24h内肌肉、结肠呈下降趋势;96～168h肌肉呈下降趋势;72～192h结肠呈下降趋势。应变：各组织在24h内均呈下降趋势,其结肠72～192h缓慢下降趋势。应力：皮肤18h内呈下降趋势,肌肉、小肠24h内呈下降趋势,结肠36h内呈下降趋势。结论大鼠尸体软组织各生物力学性状在不同的＂窗口期＂存在时序性变化规律,综合各指标可用于推断相应＂窗口期＂内的死亡时间。     

Advantage of affinity histochemistry combined with histology to investigate death causes: indications from sample cases

Mast cell histochemistry has been proposed in addition to classic histological methods to estimate the course of traumatic events before and after death. We have addressed the utility of this approach on nine victims of different types of trauma. Sections of wounded skin were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with fluorescent avidin to tag mast cells. Mast cell numbers were evaluated by both direct and digitalized counts. Intact skin was used as control. The results on mast cells implemented the findings upon hematoxylin and eosin stain and helped to put the wounds and death in chronological sequence. Digitalized morphometry allowed to reduce intra- and inter-observer variation. We conclude that combined histological and histochemical analyses can be of practical use in forensic pathology, that a preliminary setting of the reference values is needed for each laboratory, and that image analysis can be of help for the quantification of the results.     

Quantitative MRI in Isotropic Spatial Resolution for Forensic Soft Tissue Documentation. Why and How?*

Abstract: A quantification of T1, T2, and PD in high isotropic resolution was performed on corpses. Isotropic and quantified postmortem magnetic resonance (IQpmMR) enables sophisticated 3D postprocessing, such as reformatting and volume rendering. The body tissues can be characterized by the combination of these three values. The values of T1, T2, and PD were given as coordinates in a T1–T2–PD space where similar tissue voxels formed clusters. Implementing in a volume rendering software enabled color encoding of specific tissues and pathologies in 3D models of the corpse similar to computed tomography, but with distinctively more powerful soft tissue discrimination. From IQpmMR data, any image plane at any contrast weighting may be calculated or 3D color‐encoded volume rendering may be carried out. The introduced approach will enable future computer‐aided diagnosis that, e.g., checks corpses for a hemorrhage distribution based on the knowledge of its T1–T2–PD vector behavior in a high spatial resolution.     

司法改革与结构性危机再生产——从药家鑫案的审理谈起

现代司法是现代政治合法性再生产的制度装置,而其之所以能做到这一点,就在于其具有保守、克制,有意与社会保持适当隔离,严格按照正当程序操作,严格依法断案的品质。西安中院在审理药家鑫案时征求旁听人员关于量刑的意见,受到了网友的广泛质疑,引发了司法的合法性危机,就是因其背离了现代司法的范型,以致引火烧身。避免司法改革举措失当导致结构性的危机再生产是我们在整个司法改革过程中始终面临的课题。     

The "coffin fly"Conicera tibialis (Diptera: Phoridae) breeding on buried human remains after a postmortem interval of 18 years

The "coffin fly,"Conicera tibialis Schmitz (Order: Diptera, Family: Phoridae), is well known for its frequent occurrence on buried corpses, in some cases after postmortem intervals of even 3-5 years. The present report describes the presence of a large amount of individuals of C. tibialis inside the coffin of a buried human corpse exhumed 18 years after death in central Spain. Adults, some of them newly emerged, and empty puparia were found in connection with the remains. Such postmortem interval is significantly longer than previously known for this species and raises the question on the current state of knowledge about the use of insects for estimating the postmortem interval in old, buried remains.     

根据肝脏死后改变推断死亡时间的研究进展

机体死后会发生一系列的改变,是腐败的过程,也是器官组织细胞自溶的过程。在司法实践中,通过研究肝脏死后改变,可以更准确的推断死亡时间,为案件的侦破提供线索。本文综述了近几十年来,利用肝脏死后变化推断死亡时间的研究进展。     

对纤维蛋白诊断生前伤的评价——45例枪弹创组织的MSB染色和扫描电镜对比观察

生活反应是诊断生前伤的主要根据.近二十年来,法医病理学在研究生前伤和死后伤的诊断中,采用了多种新兴技术,如扫描电镜技术、酶组织化学技术、酶标技术、电泳技术等,促使生前伤的诊断水平有明显提高.伤后存活1小时死亡者,大部分皆可获得明确诊断;立即死亡或在濒死期形成的损伤,由于生活反应甚微,或受腐败等     

The Role of Vitreous Magnesium Quantification in Estimating the Postmortem Interval

The use of magnesium as a parameter to estimate the time of death is controversial. In 32 traumatic deaths with known postmortem intervals (PMIs), small quantities of vitreous humor (VH) were sampled repetitively every 3 h until 24 h postmortem. The bodies were kept at the constant ambient temperature of 20°C (68°F). The concentrations of magnesium were in the range of 0.47–1.15 mM. A statistically significant correlation of the concentration of magnesium with the PMI was observed (r = 0.453, p < 0.01), but with small predictive value—coefficient of variation for regression was 45.5%; the average of the paired differences between the estimated and actual PMIs was 5.24 + 3.19 h. Although useful results might be expected due to the large transmembrane gradient for magnesium, the results of this study strongly disprove the usefulness of measuring magnesium in VH to estimate the time of death.