Violence in Police Families: Work-Family Spillover

This article uses a path model to examine the relationship between violence exposure and domestic violence among police officers with the expectation that the relationships would be both direct and mediated. The mediation factors included burnout, authoritarian spillover, alcohol use, and department withdrawal. The model was tested through an analysis of data collected from 413 officers. Four mediation chains were identified; the most powerful of these was burnout and authoritarian spillover. Suggestions for future research include understanding violence in the context of unique workplace cultures, classifying violence types, and clarifying how this population defines violence and control.     

行政应急性原则的基础理念

本文通过对行政应急性原则的研究现状及概念争议的梳理,界定行政应急性原则的价值取向为秩序保护,体现为行政权的集中与扩张,公益优先、兼顾私益,效率优先兼顾公平三个方面,进而总结行政应急原则的终极目标,即行政应急性原则最终还是要转化为如何合理配置行政权与保护相对人权利这一经典问题。在兼顾公共利益和个人利益,兼顾公共秩序与公民自由的基础上,进行恰当的制度安排。最后,在应急状态下,公权力要有一种内部的平衡。     

Probable posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of urban jail detainees

This study examined the nature and extent of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among men in a substance abuse treatment program in a large urban jail. Specifically, it explored the prevalence of probable PTSD and other psychiatric problems among jail detainees, the types of trauma detainees experienced during different phases of their lives, and how those experiences might have contributed to the development of probable PTSD. Results showed that psychiatric problems were quite serious; nearly one-quarter of the sample reported previous psychiatric hospitalization, and nearly 10% were being currently treated with psychiatric medication. In addition, 21% of the sample met the criteria for probable PTSD, a rate five times greater than that in the general population. The current study suggests that the presence of probable PTSD among male detainees should be incorporated into the creation and implementation of jail-based behavioral healthcare services, including screening, assessment, and clinical interventions. Furthermore, in-custody drug treatment programs should adopt trauma-informed strategies for all program participants as the expected standard of care.     

Growing Up in Times of War: Unaccompanied Refugee Minors’ Assumptions About the World and Themselves

Abstract

The idea that assumptions about the world and the self can be damaged through traumatic experiences has proven to be useful in understanding posttraumatic reactions. This study investigated the World Assumptions of middle-eastern unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) to contribute to a culturally sensitive theoretical perspective. Semistructured interviews were conducted and analyzed using inductive category development. All assumed aspects of World Assumptions—benevolence, meaningfulness, and self-worth—were found in the participants’ statements. Regarding meaningfulness, we detected a new subcategory, the principle of a metaphysical plan, which has implications for the mechanism by which religiosity protects World Assumptions in war-torn regions.     

Coping,confidence, and change within the academy: a longitudinal look at police recruits

This study is based on surveys of police recruits representing four agencies across the United States. The recruits were surveyed at the beginning and end of their academy training and asked about coping strategies and the confidence they had in performing their jobs. Coping shifted significantly over time, with recruits utilizing task-oriented and outreach strategies less frequently at the end of the academy than at the beginning. Avoidance coping strategies were used more frequently by recruits at the end of the academy than at the beginning. Slight changes were also found in the influence of these strategies on job confidence over time, with avoidance coping having a stronger influence in the beginning of the academy than at the end. The role of demographic factors on coping was largely invariant over time, with only slight differences detected. Implications for policy and research are also discussed.     

国内关于公务员压力问题的研究述评

随着社会竞争的加剧,生活节奏的加快,人们承受的压力也越来越大,近些年来公务员作为一个特殊群体其压力问题也受到学术界的关注。学者从压力源、影响压力大小的因素,如何应对压力等几个方面对此进行了定性和定量研究,取得了一定的成果,但由于公务员压力问题研究刚刚起步,还有许多方面有待完善。     

Organizational and Human Factors Affecting Forensic Decision-Making: Workplace Stress and Feedback

Although forensic examiners operate in a stressful environment, there is a lack of understanding about workplace stress and feedback. These organizational and human factors can potentially impact forensic science judgments. In this study, 150 practicing forensic examiners from one laboratory were surveyed about their experiences of workplace stress, and the explicit and implicit feedback they receive. Forensic examiners reported that their high stress levels originated more from workplace-related factors (management and/or supervision, backlogs, and the pressure to do many cases) than from personal related factors (family, medical, and/or financial). The findings showed that a few (8%) of the forensic examiners sometimes felt strong implicit feedback about what conclusions were expected from them and that some (14%) also strongly felt that they were more appreciated when they helped to solve a case (e.g., by reaching a “match” as opposed to an “inconclusive” conclusion). Differences were found when comparing workplace stress and feedback levels across three core forensic science fields (forensic biology, chemistry, and latent prints) and across career stages (early, mid, and late). Gaining insights into the stress factors within a workplace and explicit and implicit feedback has implications for developing policies to improve the well-being, motivation, and performance of forensic examiners.     

Violence,Guns, and Suicide in New Orleans: Results from a Qualitative Study of Recent Suicide Decedents

Many Americans own guns to protect themselves against other people, but there is evidence that both victimization and gun access increase suicide risk. We conducted qualitative interviews with informants of 17 suicide cases in New Orleans of the 60 who died between January 2015 and April 2016 to understand the relationship between past trauma, gun access and storage, and suicide. Nine cases had experienced a past trauma, including three who had recently had a family member killed by homicide. Eight died via firearm; of those, seven owned the guns they used to take their lives and stored them locked (but loaded) at home or in their cars. Preventing community violence and addressing its sequelae may be important for reducing suicides. A multi‐pronged strategy consisting of policies, education, and marketing will likely be needed to address the risk of suicide conferred by gun access.     

柴郁温胆汤及其拆方对慢性应激抑郁大鼠的作用

目的 研究柴郁温胆汤及其拆方对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法 选择旷场行为学评分相近的56只大鼠,随机分为正常组、模型组、柴郁温胆汤组、调气血组、化痰组、养心脾组、马普替林组,每组8只,以孤养联合慢性不可预见性轻度应激方法复制大鼠抑郁模型,对大鼠进行旷场行为学测定并评分,对大鼠进行糖水消耗实验并测定体质量变化,并采用高效液相色谱-电化学方法检测大鼠大脑前额叶脑皮质去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)的含量。结果 模型组大鼠旷场行为评分水平活动和垂直活动均显著下降(P<0.05,或P<0.01),蔗糖水消耗量明显下降(P<0.01),体质量增长缓慢(P<0.05,或P<0.01),脑内NE、5-HT含量降低（P<0.05）。柴郁温胆汤及部分拆方能显著改善模型大鼠的行为学变化（P<0.05,或P<0.01),增加大鼠脑内NE、5-HT的含量（P<0.05）。〖JP〗结论 柴郁温胆汤及其拆方具有抗抑郁作用,其中全方的抗抑郁作用优于各拆方。     

电针“神门”穴对创伤后应激障碍小鼠行为学参数和前额叶皮质FKBP5表达的影响

目的 观察电针“神门”穴对创伤应激后障碍（post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD）小鼠焦虑样行为及前额叶皮质FK506结合蛋白5（FK506-binding protein 5,FKBP5）表达的影响。方法 将C57小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组,每组6只。模型组和电针组小鼠采用单一延长应激加电刺激法复制PTSD小鼠模型。电针组小鼠每日针刺“神门”穴15 min,每日1次,连续14 d。利用旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验检测小鼠行为学参数。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠前额叶皮质FKBP5 mRNA表达水平,采用Western blot法检测小鼠前额叶皮质FKBP5表达水平。结果 旷场实验中,电针可明显提高模型小鼠中央区域停留时间、跨格次数（P＜0.05）;高架十字迷宫实验中,电针可明显增加模型小鼠开臂时间、开臂次数、开臂时间比、开臂次数比（P＜0.05）。模型组小鼠前额叶皮质FKBP5及其mRNA表达水平较正常组明显升高（P＜0.05）;电针组小鼠前额叶皮质FKBP5及其mRNA表达水平较模型组显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论 电针能明显改善PTSD小鼠焦虑样行为,其作用机制可能与增加PTSD小鼠前额叶皮质FKBP5的表达水平有关。