从就业结构变化看战后德国社会的递变

战后德国较之于战前帝国时期，就业结构发生了快速变化，原来占社会主导地位的工人和业主人数明显下降，原先数量上微不足道的公务员和职员人数疾速上升，一举成为就业人口中的主力军。一方面，这使得德国从原来工业社会快速转向服务业社会；另一方面也使社会性质发生了根本转变，即由两元主导的阶级社会变成了多元主导的阶层社会，基于利益的阶级冲突退隐，源自认可的多元文化冲突开始出现。不仅此，由于两德和外来移民的缘故，战后德国社会的快速变化还呈现出一些其他西方国家不具备的特有方面。     

论1984年英国《警察与刑事证据法》的立法背景及其法律价值

英国是现代警察制度的发源地。历史上,英国的现代警察制度对很多国家都产生过重要影响。然而,自20世纪70年代以来,英国的警察工作开始出现危机,各地接连发生反对警察的骚乱事件。导致这些事件的直接原因是警察在刑事侦查活动中的违法行为以及因此而产生的冤假错案,根本原因则是普通法中关于警察权力配置的模糊和不确定状态。为此,英国国会成立专门委员会,对警察权力问题进行改革,并于1984年颁布《警察与刑事证据法》。该法是英国历史上第一部专门规定警察权力的成文法,它不仅为英国警察权力奠定了法制基础,而且提供了一种追求利益平衡的新型法律模式。     

英国反避税“实质重于形式”原则的演变

英国在1936年IBCv.DukeofWestminister案中,确立了著名的Westminister税收原则。1982年英国上议院又确立了反避税的Ramsay原则。Ramsay原则是经历了一次次法院对避税案的审理和判决后不断完善、不断发展的,强调在判断是否避税时“实质重于形式”。     

中英证人辨认制度比较研究

辨认是刑事诉讼中的重要环节 ,同时也是薄弱环节。各国法学家和法官们都一致认为 ,目击者在辨认和证词中的错误是造成法官误判的重要原因。因此各国的刑事司法机关都在不断改革和完善辨认制度 ,以确保辨认结果的科学性、公正性。比较中英两国在证人辨认规则上的异同 ,对于我国司法辨认工作具有重要的借鉴意义。     

英国法律职业人才培养模式对我国的启示

英国法律职业人才培养模式分为理论、职业、实习和继续职业教育四个阶段,其特点是虽无统一的法律教育体制和司法考试制度,各地区和各法律院校在法律人才培养过程中具有较大的自主性,但同时有相应的机制保证法律职业人才的同质性;法学教育注重法律的实践性和应用技能的培养,法学教育机构和法律职业管理机构在人才培养过程中相互协作,共同发挥作用。英国的法律职业人才培养模式有可供我们学习借鉴的优点和经验。     

法治主义:当代英国法治理论的多元主张

英国是一个因奉行法治主义而发达的国家 ,其当代法治理论最显著的一个特征是具有多元主张和多样性的价值诉求 ,主要有 :形式主义法治观、福利国家法治观、程序法治观和新理性主义法治观。这些法治主张虽各有其理论侧重 ,但又存在着一致的理论前提和相类似的基本问题指向。     

Resurgent Remain and a Rebooted Revolt on the Right: Exploring the 2019 European Parliament Elections in the United Kingdom

The 2019 European Parliament (EP) election took place against the backdrop of the vote for Brexit and the failure of Parliament to agree on a withdrawal agreement. Nigel Farage’s new Brexit Party topped the poll and the pro‐Remain Liberal Democrats, which called for a second referendum on EU membership, returned from electoral obscurity to take second place, while other pro‐Remain parties similarly performed well. In sharp contrast, the two main parties, Labour and the Conservatives, recorded their lowest combined vote share since they became the main representatives of the two‐party system. In this article, we draw on aggregate‐level data to explore what happened at the 2019 EP election in Great Britain. Our evidence suggests Labour suffered from a ‘pincer movement’, losing support in its mainly white, working class ‘left behind’ heartlands but also in younger cosmopolitan areas where Labour had polled strongly at the 2017 general election. Support for the new Brexit Party increased more significantly in ‘left behind’ communities, which had given strong support to Leave at the 2016 referendum, suggesting that national populists capitalised on Labour’s woes. The Conservatives haemorrhaged support in affluent, older retirement areas but largely at the expense of the resurgent Liberal Democrats, with the latter surging in Remain areas and where the Conservatives are traditionally strong, though not in areas with younger electorates where the party made so much ground prior to the 2010–2015 coalition government. Lastly, turnout increased overall compared with 2014, but individuals living in Leave areas were less motivated to vote. Overall, our findings suggest that those living in Remain areas were more driven to express their discontent with the Brexit process and more inclined to support parties that offer a second referendum on Britain’s EU membership.     

What Does World War I Mean to China?

正THE First World War(1914-1918)broke out in Europe,but embroiled scores of countries on other continents.Over60 million soldiers fought,of whom nearly one sixth died and countlesswere injured or disabled.It was one of the bitterest conflicts in human history,imposing immeasurable misery and damage on human societies.The war was fought between the Central Powers,represented by Germany and Austro-Hungary,and Entente Powers mainly comprising Britain,France and Russia.Most major participants in     

犯罪预防的新思路与实践--英国《犯罪与扰乱秩序法》述评

英国目前所采取的犯罪预防措施是以1998年出台的<犯罪与扰乱秩序法>为中心.该法共有122条,主要内容17项,其中有13项直接与预防青少年犯罪相关.该法有以下几个特点立法以实证调查为背景;立法体现以预防犯罪为主;预防犯罪以未成年人为重点对象;淡化刑罚,扩大非监禁刑;立法体现刑事政策即社会政策.这些新的思路和司法实践都值得我们了解与借鉴.     

英国情报机构——军情六处介绍

英国军情六处,代号MI6,与美国中央情报局、俄罗斯联邦安全局和以色列摩萨德一起,并称为"世界四大情报组织"。了解军情六处的职责范围、人员培训以及其未来五年的工作重点,有益于知己知彼,提高我们对情报建设重要性的认识。