宗教批判之图式:知性、理性和实践

从启蒙思想家的理智性宗教到黑格尔的理性宗教再到马克思对宗教的解构,宗教批判图式经历了从知性、理性再到实践的深度延展。启蒙思想家和黑格尔对宗教之批判仍停驻于观念的王国中,费尔巴哈使批判从天国下降到尘世,实现了神学世俗化之还原,马克思以生产实践为解读依据,通过对宗教奥秘的经济学解码,敞开了被宗教遮蔽的历史内容,完成了宗教批判的实践转向。启蒙对宗教采取知性形而上学之批判方法,规避了宗教中飘忽不定的非理性要素,避居于理智之无可辩驳、永恒的自然法则中,建立了理智性宗教。黑格尔站在理性辩证批判之立场上,从宗教中汲取了人性最深刻的灵感和富源,克服了理智性宗教的道德缺位,把全部理智力量和道德力量扩展到上帝的概念中,使神学置于绝对理性辩证演化之下,建立了真正的理性宗教。马克思在实践基础上廓清了宗教史上对宗教本质的迷雾般幻象,以经济科学为依据,深度解读了经济异化与宗教异化之间的隐秘链接,显示了历史决定论的方法论力量。     

影响和制约翻译的文化因素

英汉两种语言文化在翻译交流过程中,经常遇到的各种各样源于文化的干扰和制约因素。本文从译者的思维方式,价值观念和审美取向三方面论述了文化因素对翻译的影响和制约,意在揭示翻译活动的一些内在活动规律并阐明在跨文化交际活动中了解东西方文化差异对大学英语翻译教学的重要性。     

The Effects of Polymer Pigmentation on Fingermark Development Techniques

The effectiveness of latent fingerprint development techniques is heavily influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the deposition surface. The use of powder suspensions is increasing for development of prints on a range of surfaces. We demonstrate that carbon powder suspension development on polymers is detrimentally affected by the presence of common white pigment, titanium dioxide. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that patches of the compound are clearly associated with increased levels of powder adhesion. Substrates with nonlocalized titanium dioxide content also exhibit increased levels of carbon powder staining on a surface‐wide basis. Secondary ion mass spectrometry and complementary techniques demonstrate the importance of levels of the pigment within the top 30 nm. The association is independent of fingermark deposition and may be related to surface energy variation. The detrimental effect of the pigment is not observed with small‐particle reagent (MoS₂ SPR) or cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming techniques that exploit different development mechanisms.     

A novel method for the analysis of discharged smokeless powder residues

A novel method for the estimation of intermediate-long firing distance range is proposed. The method is based on the characterization and chemical analysis of the smokeless powder particles on the target. An adhesive lifter is applied to collect the suspected gunshot residues (GSRs) from the surface of an object, and a Modified Griess Test (MGT) is carried out after alkaline hydrolysis on the adhesive lifter. Visualized particles are removed from the adhesive lifter under a microscope. Two systems are used for the analysis of organic discharge residues from the smokeless powder: (1) gas chromatography/thermal energy analysis (GC/TEA) for the analysis of nitroglycerine (NG) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), (2) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the identification of organic components such as DNT, NG, and some stabilizers. By using this procedure and confirming that the suspected particles are indeed GSR, one can estimate the intermediate-long firing distance of c. 0.75-3 m in the presence of very few particles and provide information for the classification of ammunition type in casework.     

政府治理模式变迁：理论范式和实践绩效

自工业社会以来,从政府结构和治理方式选择的角度,大致可以把政府的治理模式划分为两种,一种是传统的政府治理模式,另一种是最近20余年新兴起的政府治理模式。有关传统的政府治理模式的研究,已经形成了具有共识性的理论解释,但对于新的政府治理模式,则出现了不同的解释范式,而在实践中,新的政府治理模式也在试行之中。     

大学理念价值实现的逻辑路径

大学理念是人们对大学世界的总体看法和基本观念.理想性、批判性、规律性和适应性是涉及大学理念架构的四个重要范畴,理想性特征彰显大学理念存在的价值和意义,批判性特征实现大学理念的价值导向功能,而大学理念现代价值的实现则需要在遵循自身规律和适应社会发展之间保持合理的张力.     

A Systematic Study to Understand the Effects of Particle Size Distribution of Magnetic Fingerprint Powders on Surfaces with Various Porosities

This study intends to design magnetite (Fe₃O₄)‐based magnetic fingerprint powders with different particle size distributions. It also investigates the influence of particle size distribution on the visualization of latent fingermarks with as little background staining as possible on the surfaces with various porosities in a systematic way. Two strategies were used to prepare the magnetic fingerprint formulations for this study: milling of coarse magnetite particles for different durations, and mixing of sieved fine particles with different size ranges with coarse particles. Particle size analyses of the prepared magnetic powders, optical microscopy‐based roughness analysis of the surfaces and SEM measurements of the visualized fingerprints and representative powders were performed. Mag2 of the formulations prepared through milling and Mag5 and Mag6 of the formulations prepared through sieving and mixing were more successful in the development of latent prints than the rest of the solutions.     

Quantitative Phase Analysis by the Rietveld Method for Forensic Science

Quantitative phase analysis (QPA) is helpful to determine the type attribute of the object because it could present the content of the constituents. QPA by Rietveld method requires neither measurement of calibration data nor the use of an internal standard; however, the approximate crystal structure of each phase in a mixture is necessary. In this study, 8 synthetic mixtures composed of potassium nitrate and sulfur were analyzed by Rietveld QPA method. The Rietveld refinement was accomplished with a material analysis using diffraction program and evaluated by three agreement indices. Results showed that Rietveld QPA yielded precise results, with errors generally less than 2.0% absolute. In addition, a criminal case which was broken successfully with the help of Rietveld QPA method was also introduced. This method will allow forensic investigators to acquire detailed information of the material evidence, which could point out the direction for case detection and court proceedings.     

Forensic DNA Analysis of Wheat Flour as Commonly Used in White Powder Cases

In the wake of terrorist attacks using anthrax and ricin, white powder is often encountered in cases of malicious mischief and terrorist threats. Wheat flour is a common white powder encountered in such criminal investigations. We used DNA analysis to investigate wheat flour samples for identification and discrimination as trace evidence. Species identification of commercially available wheat flour was carried out by sequencing a partial region of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene (rbcL). Samples were discriminated using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. The rbcL sequences of all wheat flour samples were identical and showed a high level of similarity to known wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequences. Furthermore, flours had characteristic patterns in STR analyses, with specific cultivars showing distinctive patterns. These results suggested that the identification of wheat flour species is possible using rbcL sequencing, and that STR analysis is useful for discriminating between samples.