Translating membership into power at the ballot box? Trade union candidates and worker voting patterns in Indonesia's national elections

This article analyses the effectiveness of trade unions' electoral engagement in the union-dense electoral localities of Bekasi and Tangerang in Indonesia's 2009 legislative elections. Our analysis reveals that legacies of authoritarianism, electoral rules, and union fragmentation pushed unions to pursue an ineffective electoral strategy of running union cadres on various party tickets. In Bekasi, local leaders within the Federation of Indonesian Metalworkers Unions (FSPMI) chose not to mobilize resources to support union candidates because the union's national leadership had failed to convince them of the soundness of its strategy. In Tangerang, local leaders embraced the National Workers Union's (SPN) national electoral strategy, but had inadequate membership data to conduct electoral mapping and did not provide candidates with financial and leadership support. Neither union, meanwhile, gave much consideration to the problem of translating membership to votes: survey data reveal that most members could not name union candidates, and many of those who could did not vote for them. The article argues that, despite its flaws, trade unions' strategy of engagement in the electoral arena constitutes an important step forward in the consolidation of Indonesia's democracy.     

郊区城市化: 从发达国家的发展模式论中国的发展选择

郊区城市化就是城市化进程中,城市发展在越过了聚集发展阶段后,出现的分散发展状态,在这一阶段大城市开始对更广大的腹地产生辐射作用,郊区和更广泛的农村地区进入城市化阶段。发达国家在经历了城市集中发展阶段后都经历过郊区城市化阶段,在这一阶段城市化率达到较高水平,人口、工业、商业等先后从城市中心区向郊区迁移,德国、美国、澳大利亚、英国以及日本等发达国家城市发展的郊区化模式表明,交通条件、工业化进程、郊区的基础设施以及规划政策等是城市化进程后期阶段郊区化的主要驱动因素。中国郊区化的驱动因素与发达国家有所不同。中国从20世纪80年代就进入了郊区城市化阶段,自此郊区小城镇进入快速发展阶段。中国在郊区城市化进程中要充分借鉴发达国家成功经验,协调好各种因素发挥聚合整合作用。     

(Re-)Assessing Career Patterns in Multi-Level Systems: Insights from Wallonia in Belgium

This article proposes a new analytical framework for the study of political careers in multi-level systems. It is argued that the study of vertical movements between political arenas, which constitutes the prevalent methodological approach in the literature on political careers, should be complemented by the study of horizontal movements within political arenas. Based on a longitudinal analysis of individual political careers, the micro-approach developed in this article allows the comprehension of all territorial dynamics of political careers in multi-level systems. Based on an in-depth case study of all 419 Walloon careers in Belgium, four career patterns are identified: national careers, regional careers, multi-level careers and discrete careers. Although Belgium presents an integrated structure of opportunity, it is demonstrated that key evidences underline the prevalence of a regional and a national political class along a highly integrated political elites.     

扒窃型盗窃罪的司法认定研究

近年来扒窃案件发案率持续增加,且团伙作案、流窜作案、惯犯作案频发,严重危害了人民财产安全和社会秩序。自2011年5月1日起实施的《刑法修正案(八)》首次将扒窃写入刑法,从犯罪形态、停止形态、定罪量刑这三个角度出发对扒窃型盗窃罪进行司法认定研究,以此有效解决扒窃入刑后标准模糊、界限不明等争议。     

民事庭审程序中的若干问题研究

民事庭审是整个诉讼活动的核心,庭审制度改革是诉讼改革的契机和重要内容,其成败直接关系到司法公正与诉讼效率问题。因此对于集中审理和举证时限的关系、法庭调查和法庭辩论的分立、法庭调查的控制以及法官认证等问题从理论和实践层面进行分析,对于民事庭审程序改革具有十分重要的意义。     

Observation of tri-allelic patterns in autosomal STRs during routine casework

We report three cases of tri-allelic patterns observed during routine forensic casework on 5964 Belgian residents. These individuals had been typed for the following 15 autosomal STRs: CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, vWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, D2S1338 and D19S433.The first example of a tri-allelic pattern had the genotype 13;15;16 for the D8S1179 locus. In the second observation there was 16;21;22 pattern for the D18S51 locus. The third case had the alleles 10;11;13 also for D18S51.All cases belonged to the Type I tri-allelic pattern, with three uneven peaks, the sum of the heights of both smaller peaks equalling the height of the tallest peak.Three cases in 5964 typed individuals is a frequency for tri-allelic patterns in autosomal STRs of 0.05%.     

社区警务在不同社区类型中的选择

社区是以一定地理区域为基础而形成的、具有一定共同意识和共同利益的社会群体。构成社区的各种要素的具体性和特定性,实现社区地方相关职能的多途径,使社区具有独特的内在属性,形成多种社区类型。社区警务的运用应符合社区本身的内在要求,发挥社区警务的应有效能。     

广西绑架勒索、非法拘禁犯罪规律特点和侦防对策

现阶段广西绑架勒索、非法拘禁犯罪活动愈演愈烈 ,发案逐年上升 ,社会危害性越来越严重。然而 ,绑架勒索、非法拘禁犯罪活动的隐蔽性 ,使侦察工作增加了极大的困难。不断地完善打击防范对策是公安机关的迫切要求。     

加减参苓白术散治疗儿童特应性皮炎脾虚蕴湿证20例

目的 观察加减参苓白术散治疗儿童特应性皮炎脾虚蕴湿证的临床疗效.方法 将40例特应性皮炎脾虚蕴湿证患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组20例.治疗组给予加减参苓白术散及地氯雷他定糖浆口服;对照组仅口服地氯雷他定糖浆.两组均外涂玉泽皮肤屏障修护乳.采用特应性皮炎评分(scoring atopic dermartitis,SCORAD)分别于治疗前,治疗2、4周后对两组患儿的临床症状及体征进行评分,判定临床疗效,并于患儿治疗前和治疗4周后检测外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数(eosinophils,EOS).结果 治疗4周后,两组患儿SCORAD、EOS计数均显著降低(P<0.05),且治疗组SCORAD评分、EOS计数均明显低于对照组(P<0.05).治疗组临床疗效显著优于对照组(P<0.05),治疗组的复发率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 加减参苓白术散治疗儿童特应性皮炎脾虚蕴湿证具有良好疗效,能够改善临床症状.     

Characterization and differentiation of aluminum powders used in improvised explosive devices – Part 1: Proof of concept of the utility of particle micromorphometry

Aluminum (Al) powders are commonly used in improvised explosive devices as metallic fuels, a component of explosive mixtures. These powders can be obtained readily from industrial‐scale and consumer products, and produced using unsophisticated “kitchen chemistry” techniques. This research demonstrates the potential of automated particle micromorphometry for comparisons between known source and questioned Al powders recovered from IEDs, as well as for insight into the method of Al powder manufacture. Al powder samples were obtained from legitimate manufacturers, and 56 samples were produced “in‐house” from Al‐containing spray paints and ball‐milled Al foils. Transmitted light microscope images of Al powder particles were acquired using an automated stage with automated z‐focus; 17 size and shape parameters were measured for all particles. Approximately 37,000–2,500,000 particles/sample were analyzed using an open‐source statistical package with customized code. Dimensionality reduction was required for processing the large datasets: eight of the 17 measured variables were selected based on inspection of the correlation matrix. Data from four subsamples from each of the 56 samples produced using “in‐house” methods were analyzed using ANOVA to assess the within‐ and between‐sample variation. High within‐sample variation was noted; however, ANOVA and post‐hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests demonstrated that the between‐sample variation was substantially larger than the within‐sample variation. Each sample could be differentiated from all other samples in the test set. Future experiments will focus on ways to reduce the within‐sample variation, and additional statistical and microanalytical methods to classify sources and confidently constrain the method of Al powder manufacture.