浅探我国法律援助制度的科学发展

法律援助制度是我国保护“弱势群体”的最后也是最有力的救济手段,它的内涵以及它制定的最终目标都体现出“以人为本”、实现“可持续发展”这一主题。它在我国取得了迅速的发展,也在为“弱势群体”提供法律服务方面取得了显著成绩。但是目前,我国的法律援助工作仍面临着许多困难,存在着许多不足,本文主要探讨如何去加以科学的发展和完善。     

COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY,MINORITY THREAT,AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural‐level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural‐level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.     

NO COMMUNITY IS AN ISLAND: THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON URBAN VIOLENCE IN SPATIALLY AND SOCIALLY PROXIMATE COMMUNITIES*

The link between resource deprivation and urban violence has long been explored in criminological research. Studies, however, have largely ignored the potential for resource deprivation in particular communities to affect rates of violence in others. The relative inattention is notable because of the strong theoretical grounds to anticipate influences that extend both to geographically contiguous areas and to those that, though not contiguous, share similar social characteristics. We argue that such influences—what we term spatial and social proximity effects, respectively—constitute a central feature of community dynamics. To support this argument, we develop and test theoretically derived hypotheses about spatial and social proximity effects of resource deprivation on aggregated and disaggregated homicide counts. Our analyses indicate that local area resource deprivation contributes to violence in socially proximate communities, an effect that, in the case of instrumental homicides, is stronger when such communities are spatially proximate. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories focused on community‐level social processes and violence, and for policies aimed at reducing crime in disadvantaged areas.     

治安管理处罚中引入社区服务令制度可行性研究

随着行刑社会化、行刑轻缓化及恢复性司法理论的不断发展,社区服务令制度得到国际社会的广泛认同,并被很多国家引入作为针对轻罪的行刑方法。社区服务令制度不仅在刑事司法领域具有重要的制度价值,在行政处罚领域也有大可为之处。当前,可行之处是将社区服务令制度纳入治安管理处罚领域,需要对其在概念上重新进行界定,在此基础上构建一套符合我国国情的社区服务令制度。     

我国城市社区建设探析——以南京市鼓楼区社区建设为分析个案

随着我国政治经济体制改革的不断深入和城市化进程的加速,城市社区在社会发展和现代化建设中的地位和作用日益凸显,城市社区建设已经成为中国社会发展中的一个战略性问题.作为全国社区建设实验区,南京鼓楼区在社区建设中以其突出的特点,为全国城市社区建设的运行机制及模式提供了值得借鉴的成功经验.     

弱势群体对社会稳定的影响

我国目前弱势群体在承受“弱势”所带来的种种伤害的同时,正以一种极具破坏性的 方式表达为“强势”,并迫使社会在承受和消弭其影响时支付日益高昂的成本。这种社会机器内部 的撞击,已经严重地影响了整体运行的安全性和稳定性,而确立公平则是解决问题的前提和基础。     

强化人民调解遏止家庭暴力

家庭暴力问题普遍存在,危害严重.在诸多反家庭暴力的措施中,人民调解是不可忽视的中坚力量.强化人民调解独特的第一道防线的作用,能积极主动、富有成效地预防和遏止家庭暴力.     

日本的交番制度对我国社区警务建设的启示

日本的交番制度经过一百多年的发展,已具有较成熟的经验。目前我国推行社区警务建设,可以借鉴日本的成功经验,合理设置和规范社区警务室,明确社区民警的主要职责,加强对社区民警的教育、培训工作,建立派出所工作信息系统。     

都市民族社区的宗教生活与文化认同--昆明顺城街回族社区调查

长期以来,昆明顺城街回族社区居民共同的宗教生活,促成了他们对本民族文化的认同,维系了回族社区的存在。但在现代文化的冲击和都市文化的濡化下,该地区居民的宗教信仰和宗教活动也发生着不断的变化,出现了中老年人对伊斯兰教更虔诚,对本民族的文化认同感增强,而年轻人却与之相悖而行的状况。     

从治安学的研究看社区警务

社区警务是警察对社会现代化、民主化和城市化所做出的一种反应,也是社会自身结构日益分化、公共权力扩大并在区域层面上进行社会治安资源整合的一种表现,是一项复杂的系统工程。因此,从治安学的研究领域出发,通过对社区概念与特点的分析,来理解社区警务的本质,为指导社区警务工作的开展和落实提供理论支持。