社区矫正的安全价值及其实现

社区矫正蕴涵重要的安全价值。它一方面通过疏散监狱人口、激发罪犯的改造动力促进了监狱的安全,另一方面通过加强对罪犯的社会控制、促进罪犯人格的改善维护了社会的安全。为充分实现这一价值,首先要完善社区矫正危险管理体系,以避免罪犯违法犯罪行为的发生;其次采取行之有效的矫正方案,促进罪犯心理、行为的良性发展;再次要着力解决罪犯的生活困难,以产生长久的安全效应。     

新型社区——中国式社会管理的新载体

社会管理体制创新既是当前乃至今后一个时期各级政府面临的主要任务,也是一项崭新的执政课题。从当前的实际来看,积极推进新型社区组织建设,是社会管理体制创新的一个有效举措。新型社区是中国式社会管理的一个新载体,因而推进新型社区建设是对社会管理创新所做的有益探索。     

Sex Offender Community Notification and Community Stratification

Community notification laws have been passed by the federal government and legislature of every state. At the very least, these laws require local law enforcement officials to publicize the personal and residential information of known sex offenders. Although researchers and other social commentators have begun to assess the effects of community notification on targeted sex offenders and on criminal justice practices and practitioners, the potential consequences of the policy for different types of communities have received only scant attention. Using sex offender registry and US Census data for two states (Nebraska and Oklahoma), we examine the relationship between community characteristics and the residential patterns of sex offenders. Findings from mapping and regression analyses suggest a greater concentration of sex offenders in disadvantaged communities than in more affluent communities. To the extent that community notification allows residents of more affluent communities to mobilize resources in order to remove identified sex offenders, it may increase the geographical clustering of these offenders in areas already facing a greater risk and having fewer resources to manage the problem. Implications of findings in terms of “concentrated disadvantage” are discussed.     

The Influence of Community‐Oriented Policing on Crime‐Reporting Behavior∗

This research examines the influence of community‐oriented policing (COP) on citizens’ crime‐reporting behaviors. The study’s data consist of incidents of violence obtained from the Area‐Identified National Crime Victimization Survey that were linked to city‐level measures of police involvement in COP. Multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal that although third‐party police notification is more likely in cities with large numbers of full‐time COP officers, victims residing in such cities are significantly less likely to report to the police than they are to report to non‐police officials. However, in cities where the training of police officers in COP is relatively extensive, victims demonstrate a preference for police notification (relative to both non‐police notification and non‐reporting). Lastly, multiplicative models indicate that police involvement in COP has less of an influence on the reporting behaviors of residentially unstable victims who likely lack strong social ties to the communities in which they reside.     

A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing

This research examines the influence of several important community characteristics on the sentencing of convicted felony defendants, net of other predictors associated with sentencing decisions. Using an appropriate multilevel technique, I find that several community characteristics affect the likelihood that defendants are sentenced to prison versus jail. However, none of the community characteristics influence the odds of prison versus non‐custodial sanctions or jail versus non‐custodial sanctions for these defendants. This underscores the importance of using sentencing measures beyond the basic “in/out” dichotomy. Even more importantly, the results suggest that there remains a statistically significant and substantial amount of sentencing variation across counties after controlling for relevant individual‐ and community‐level factors. The implications of these findings for research, theory, and policy‐making are discussed.     

Contemporary Modes of Probation Officer Supervision: The Triumph of the “Synthetic” Officer?

This article considers the continued relevance of law enforcement and social worker roles to probation officer practice, a central motif in community corrections scholarship. It also considers how these traditional functions are integrated into community-oriented supervision practices, increasingly emphasized in policy circles. Using Latent Class Analysis of data from a national community corrections survey, a four-class typology of probation officers was developed, based on their supervision practices. While classes vary according to the intensity of supervision, particularly in the engagement of third parties (family, community, and the police), there are no classes that correspond either to law enforcers or to social workers. Rather, officer classes are all “synthetic”—combining law enforcement and social work functions together in the same strategy. The analysis identifies a number of predictors of membership in more intensive supervision classes. These relate to ideological orientations, caseload characteristics, officer demographics, and agency progressiveness.     

三十年来日本满铁研究现状述评

满铁是近代日本设于中国东北最大的殖民统治机构。日本通过满铁攫取中国的政治、经济、社会和文化等情报,控制中国交通,掠夺资源,以此达到对华殖民统治目的。日本战败后,满铁大部分文献资料留存于中国,分散于国内数十家图书馆。这批规模巨大、卷帙浩繁的满铁文献资料,是研究中国东北地方史、近现代中日关系史和东北亚国际关系史极为珍贵的第一手资料。近30年来日本学界对满铁资料及满铁史的研究取得了令人瞩目的成果,但也存在一些问题需要引起我们的重视。     

社区矫正司法适用问题思考

《刑法修正案(八)》规定对被判处管制、宣告缓刑、裁定假释的犯罪人实行社区矫正,这是我国首次将社区矫正作为一种非监禁刑罚执行方式写入刑法。刑法规定的社区矫正与我国2003年试点施行以来的社区矫正相比较,在社区矫正适用范围与对象上存在不同,现行的社区矫正在适用中,还存在管理机构、矫正内容、方法等方面的协调与规范问题。     

非监禁刑若干问题及其改革探索

我国非监禁刑改革已经取得显著成果。但是,非监禁刑目前存在的若干问题及其改革探索,仍然需要进一步予以关注。本文在广义上使用非监禁刑的概念,并就非监禁刑执行机构、未成年人非监禁刑、流动人口非监禁刑以及社区矫正制度等问题展开论述。     

谈社区民警如何做好群众工作

提高做群众工作的能力,是公安机关关注民生的具体体现,是上级领导机关对基层派出所的要求,也是社区民警做好社区警务工作的根本保证。当前,随着城乡社区警务工作的深入开展,切实提高社区民警做群众工作的能力,已经成为基层派出所一项重大而紧迫的任务和课题。