拘役刑的适用特点探析

被判处拘役的罪犯由公安机关"就近执行",刑法第43条规定,应将拘役刑的执行机关限定于公安机关的看守所。不论是采取"六个月以下说"还是采取"一年以下说"作为界定短期自由刑的期限标准,拘役刑都不容置疑地应被列入短期自由刑的范围之内。拘役犯的部分有偿自由刑待遇包括执行期间可以回家与酌量发给报酬两项。拘役刑是刑种由轻到重过渡的一个重要环节,拘役刑的规定使刑罚体系严密完整。     

侦查现代化视野里应有的几个制度创新

侦查现代化包括科学化与法治化两大维度,科学化要求我们设法挖掘侦查制度的效率潜能,法治化则为我们提供了制约国家权力的理念.根据这一视角,我们认为应该创设独立的任意侦查制度、公安机关对于轻微犯罪案件独立的撤销权制度、强制措施外部审查制与独立的羁押制度.     

刑事羁押期限:立法的缺陷及其救济

科学设计刑事羁押期限应坚持谦抑原则。坚持刑事羁押的谦抑原则、缩减羁押期限是法制宽容精神的体现 ,是无罪推定原则的必然要求 ,是保证刑罚及时性和刑罚效果的需要 ,体现了对犯罪嫌疑人和被告程序主体地位的尊重。从立法上看 ,我国刑事羁押期限制度有诸多缺陷 :规定的依附性和不完整性 ;羁押期限较长 ;羁押期限与涉嫌犯罪的非比例性 ;决定羁押期限延长程序的不公开 ;重新计算羁押期限的立法过于原则等等。建议将羁押期限的立法规定独立开来 ,同时适当缩减拘留、审查起诉和审判的期限 ,废除补充侦查制度 ,明确规定重新计算羁押期限的法定情形 ,严格控制对羁押期限的延长。     

刑事拘留制度：问题与进路

现行拘留制度在查明案件事实、收集证据的过程中发挥了重要的保障功能。然而,由于立法规定的模糊性、办案人员片面重视追诉等原因,导致实践中拘留常常被任意延长,使嫌疑人的合法权益被侵犯且缺乏有效的司法救济,从中可以看出现行拘留制度的设计仍然存在诸多问题。因此,笔者认为,在封现行制度作出深刻的反思的基础上,需要理顺拘留与逮捕、拘留与羁押的关系,并提出两套方案试图促进实现近期和速期的制度完善。     

香港地区保释与我国取保候审制度之比较研究

就我国而言,刑事司法领域依然是惩罚犯罪占主导地位,个人人权的保障相对较弱。就审前羁押来说,现阶段的审前羁押有普遍化、超期化的特点,取保候审制度未发挥其应有作用。而香港地区历来具有普通法系的特点,注重人权保障,香港地区的保释制度便是最好例证。＂一国两制＂下,有必要对香港地区保释制度和大陆的取保候审制度进行比较研究,从中明确个中利弊,从而利于构建符合我国实践的审前释放制度,完善我国的法律制度。     

监视居住下侦查权边界的研究

在监视居住措施下,侦查机关的管辖权、侦查权、讯问权、监视权应当得到有效规范,其权力边界应当得到明晰。这不仅有效保障了公民的人身和财产安全,而且让侦查机关在监视居住期间的侦查行为能够有法可依,依法有据,认清侦查权力与滥用职权的边界,从而避免侦查机关滥用职权的风险,克服刑讯逼供的隐患,洗刷非法拘禁的嫌疑,减少国家赔偿的损失,真正体现侦查机关作为人民卫士的神圣使命和中国特色社会主义法治理念的优越性。     

The Effects of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Detention Decisions in US District Courts

The Bail Reform Act of 1984 changed the law dictating release and detention decisions in federal court. Since its passage, few studies have examined judicial decision-making in this context. Legal research enables us to account for the structure and interpretation of federal detention laws and to analyze previously neglected measures of legal factors in our analyses. We use US Sentencing Commission data on a sample of defendants who were sentenced in 2007 (N?=?31,043). We find that legal factors—particularly length of criminal history, having committed a violent or otherwise serious offense, and having committed the offense while under supervision of the criminal justice system—have the strongest relationships with the presentence detention outcome. A defendant’s age, race, and ethnicity have weaker relationships with detention. When we compare defendants who are similarly situated with respect to legal factors, the probability of detention is similar regardless of age, race, and ethnicity.     

Why Sex (Offending) Is Different

The central premise is that a significant amount of sex offending stems from unusual or inappropriate sexual preferences that appear in early adolescence, are relatively stable, and immutable. In those ways, they are like more ordinary sexual preferences, generating sexual impulses that are insistent. Individuals are strongly tempted to act on them, alternatives to satisfying them are unfulfilling, and complete long-term control of such impulses is unlikely. Yet, since individuals with sexual preferences for inappropriate objects or activities are neither morally nor legally permitted to act on them, they find themselves in a terrific bind. The public is, to some extent, correct to not trust the individuals with such preferences and to attempt to monitor or control them. However, most such efforts appear ineffective and counterproductive. Recidivist sex offenders are particularly worrisome. The possibility of voluntary castration for such offenders, in lieu of preventive detention or other more restrictive measures, is explored.     

Punishing the Innocent: Children of Incarcerated and Detained Parents

Abstract

About 2 million minor children in the U.S. have at least one parent incarcerated for criminal offenses. There are about 33,000 undocumented persons detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement in jails and federal detention centers around the country, and 79% of the minor children of these detainees are U.S. citizens. There are few government programs that measure and respond to the harm caused to these children by the incarceration and detention of their parents, and the negative effects on these children are largely ignored in public policy debates about incarceration and immigration detention. I argue that we have an obligation to these children based on (1) the special status of children, (2) the harm caused to children by the arrest, detention and incarceration of their parents, (3) current incarceration and detention policies even in the presence of alternatives that would, on balance, create less harm.     

“She's Way Too Good to Lose”: An Evaluation of Honolulu's Girls Court

This research evaluates the efficacy of a gender-specific, problem-solving court for girl offenders. Official statistics, interview data, and focus group data are utilized to determine whether the court is achieving its stated goals of reducing recidivism, risky behaviors, and confinement for the girls who attend this court program. The present research demonstrates that the program does seem to be effective in terms of reducing both recidivism and risky behavior as well as increasing the development of prosocial and healthy relationships. The article concludes with some lessons learned from the implementation of this court program as well as ideas for future research.