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问题图式获得理论及其在教学中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
问题图式是能在问题解决过程中起核心作用的大的知识单元,它使我们对问题解决表征机制的认识更为深刻.在阐述问题图式获得机制方面,研究者提出了结构映射理论和语用图式理论,同时发现类比问题解决和样例学习是获得问题图式的两条有效途径.因此,要想在教学中有效地促进学生问题图式的获得,就要增加学生类比问题解决和样例学习的机会,比如提倡图式图教学;在样例教学初期,给予学生适当的线索提示;迁移教学中增加源问题类比物的数量等. 相似文献
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高等职业教育是高等教育的重要组成部分,入世以后,我国高等职业教育发展机遇和挑战并存,面对挑战,发展高等职业教育的对策是加强高等职业教育专业设置的预见性,产学研相结合,培养高等技术应用性人才,加强师资队伍建设。 相似文献
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A New Cosmology of Risks and Crises: Time for a Radical Shift in Paradigm and Practice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Patrick Lagadec 《政策研究评论》2009,26(4):473-486
Crises in the twenty-first century differ—structurally—from those we had to deal with in the last century. Crises of the twentieth century were traditionally defined and handled as a combination of "threat, urgency, and uncertainty." Today, crises are better described in terms of a destruction of vital references and a dynamic of systemic implosions. If crises were once a type of severe, dynamic accident, they are now the essential mode of life in our hypercomplex systems. These transboundary crises mark a watershed between mind-sets and tools of the past, and the new strategic landscape that we are now in. The intellectual and governance challenges are extreme. But looking back is not an option. It is vital to forge new routes into Terrae Incognitae . The goal of this article is to help build (1) a renewed understanding of the emerging challenges we face; and (2) a better strategic response to these systemic dislocations. 相似文献
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Elijah Knaap 《Housing Policy Debate》2017,27(6):913-940
As evidence of the contextual effects of place upon individual outcomes has become increasingly solid over time, so too have urban policies and programs designed to connect underserved people with access to spatial opportunity. To this end, many attempts have been made to quantify the geography of opportunity and quite literally plot it on a map by combining evidence from studies on neighborhood effects with spatial data resources and geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Recently, these opportunity maps have not only become increasingly common but their preparation has been encouraged and facilitated by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. A closer look at the foundations and methods that underlie these exercises offers important lessons I examine the practice of opportunity mapping from both theoretical and methodological perspectives, highlighting several weaknesses of the common methods. Following this, I outline a theoretical framework based on Galster’s categorization of the mechanisms of neighborhood effects. Using data from the Baltimore metropolitan region, I use confirmatory factor analysis to specify a measurement model that verifies the validity of the proposed theoretical framework. The model provides estimates of four latent variables conceived as the essential dimensions of spatial opportunity: social-interactive, environmental, geographic, and institutional. Finally, I develop a neighborhood typology using unsupervised machine learning applied to the four dimensions of opportunity. Results suggest that opportunity mapping can be improved substantially through a better connection to the empirical literature on neighborhood effects, a multivariate statistical framework, and more direct relevance to public policy interventions. 相似文献
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The challenges of understanding gerrymandering are primarily related to its conceptual ambiguity and measurement. This is true despite landmark legal rulings and a rich literature on the subject. In an attempt to alleviate some of the confusion, theories of the gerrymandering process are combined with advanced quantitative and mapping techniques. The focus is on Chicago, where it is frequently claimed that gerrymandering is institutionalised; however, there has not been sufficient study of the causal connections between gerrymandering and a ward’s racial makeup. Employing a mixed methods approach which combines a case study of the 2011–2012 redistricting in Chicago with quantitative analysis of Decennial Census and data from the Chicago Data Portal, this article examines the remapping of Chicago from early 2012 (effective in 2015 and matched with 2010 Census data) to assess how potentially gerrymandered districts are diluting or concentrating vote share of racially homogeneous groups. 相似文献
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Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping: A Tool for Identification of Fused Materials in Fire Debris
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Tanya J. Kerr Ph.D. Leary Myers Ph.D. Keith L. Duncan Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(5):1159-1165
Examination of fire debris can provide information about the types of materials which were present at the time of the fire to give insights for fire scene reconstruction and understanding compartment fire dynamics. This paper demonstrates the ability of Raman spectroscopy for material identification postfire in complex situations, such as the production of fused masses during fire dropdown. A validated Raman spectral library is combined with Raman mapping in three fire case studies, to determine the individual materials in the fused masses formed. The case studies accessed material combinations of several common polymers. Raman mapping was carried out on a 10 μm × 10 μm square of the masses. Material identification using this technique ranged from a high of 85% match to a low of 40% match. This work demonstrated that complex masses found in the fire debris can be resolved into the individual material components for identification and spatial distribution. 相似文献
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In order to facilitate comparisons across follow-up studies that have used different measures of effect size, we provide a
table of effect size equivalencies for the three most common measures: ROC area (AUC), Cohen's d, and r. We outline why AUC is the preferred measure of predictive or diagnostic accuracy in forensic psychology or psychiatry, and
we urge researchers and practitioners to use numbers rather than verbal labels to characterize effect sizes.
Strictly speaking, d values pertain only to variables scored on an interval scale. When the nondichotomous variable is ordinally scaled, r or AUC should be used. Nevertheless, the values in Table 1 allow one to compare the relative magnitudes across studies that
have reported any of the three effect size measures. 相似文献