略论抗战相持阶段国民政府的军事战略——以南岳军事会议和长沙会战为中心的研究

详细研究国民政府在抗日战争相持阶段军事战略的学术成果不多，且以否定居多。通过研究三次南岳军事会议和四次长沙作战的具体史实，可归纳出此时期国民政府军事战略的四个特点：持久战的总体构想；重视湖南战场，屏蔽大后方；不再一味死守重要城市；应战而不求战的策略。据此可以认为，国民政府基本把握了抗战相持阶段的特点，其军事战略基本上是正确的，即以持久战对抗日本的速决战，以空间换时间。尽管主客观方面的原因使得国民政府在相持阶段的军事战略显得有些保守，但是不加分析地责难其“消极、妥协、退让”，是有些苛求的。     

论我国审前羁押制度的改革与完善

我国的审前羁押制度由于结构上的缺陷 ,在适用过程中引发了大量的超期羁押和刑讯逼供 ,对审前羁押制度进行改革的呼声日益高涨。我国应当逐步建立羁押分流制度、捕押分离制度、羁押的司法审查制度及侦查机关与看守机关的分离制度。     

Drug use and pretrial misconduct in New York city

Is recent drug use significantly associated with pretrial misconduct? Does consideration of recent drug use enhance risk classification among a sample of persons who have time free pending the disposition of their cases? Using data on arrestees in Manhattan, this paper examines these issues and some related questions. To measure recent drug use, urine samples were collected from persons shortly after their arrest and tested for four drugs: heroin, cocaine, PCP, and methadone. Two measures of pretrial misconduct are considered: whether a defendant fails to appear for a scheduled court date (FTA) and whether a defendant is rearrested prior to case disposition. Censored probit models are used to estimate the statistical association between drug test results and pretrial misconduct. Results show that drug test results are significantly associated with pretrial misconduct over and above the information typically available to judges at the time release decisions are made. Some implications of these findings for pretrial decision making are discussed.     

民事诉讼证据交换制度的立法探讨

证据交换的正当性虽然无可置疑,但其被规避适用却是实务中的普遍现象。设置证据交换制度有诉讼效率的考量,但其首要的价值目标却是公平和公正。审判效率得以提高的秘密不在于证据交换本身,而在于证据交换制度所依存的具有不可逆性的二元性诉讼结构。在制度层面上,司法解释与《民事诉讼法》的不兼容及司法解释技术自身的问题应当予以检讨。完整的具有实效性和可操作性的证据交换规则的确立包括两个大的方面：一是包含有实体性因素的证据交换规则;二是包含有程序性因素的证据交换规则。     

Racial and ethnic disparity in pretrial criminal processing

This study uses data on the processing of felony defendants in large urban courts to analyze racial and ethnic disparities in pretrial processing. There are three major findings. First, racial disparity is most notable during the decision to deny bail and for defendants charged with violent crimes. Second, ethnic disparity is most notable during the decision to grant a non‐financial release and for defendants charged with drug crimes. Third, when there is disparity in the treatment of Black and Latino defendants with similar legal characteristics, Latinos always receive the less beneficial decisions. These findings are consistent with the theoretical perspective offered, which suggests that stereotypes influence criminal processing when their specific content is made salient by either the concerns relevant to a particular processing decision or the crime type of a defendant’s primary charge.     

论现代审前羁押制度遵循的普遍原则

原则作为规则的基础或本源是一种综合性、稳定性原理和准则,其特点是不预先设定任何确定的、具体的事实状 态,没有规定具体的权利和义务,更没有确定的法律后果,可称为规则的规则,是法律推理的权威出发点。审前羁 押制度遵循的普遍原则是指设置羁押制度时指导并使羁押制度具体化的原理和准则,是审前羁押制度以现代法 治理念为基础所形成的准则,归纳起来就是:程序法定原则、必要性原则、例外原则、比例原则、司法裁判原则和法 律救济原则。     

谈刑事审前程序的检察监督

本文从我国实际出发的本土化思想的角度 ,以检察机关在刑事审前程序的主导性作用为切入点 ,设想将刑事诉讼审前程序的司法审查程序职能部分赋予检察机关 ,塑造审前程序检警关系在整体位阶上差异性 ,使检察机关的审前程序的法律监督权落到实处 ,维护司法公平和正义     

论法院诉前证据保全制度——借鉴德国独立证据调查程序的思考

为了发挥法院诉前证据保全所具有的保全证据、确定事实关系、促成裁判外纷争解决以及促进将来诉讼和集中化审理的功能,我国将来《民事诉讼法》的修订应改变传统自提起诉讼始为纷争解决的思想,借鉴德国独立证据调查程序制度,通过完善相应的证据保全类型、适用要件、实施程序以及认可诉前保全过程中与解纷相关事项协议的效力等制度,对我国诉前证据保全制度进行功能性改造,凸显其独立的程序价值。     

审前社会调查与社区矫正的适用

随着社区矫正的全面试行,社区矫正这种非监禁刑罚执行方式越来越受到社会的重视与大众的认可,其文明、进步、人性化的表现充分体现了我国刑罚制度的不断进步.人民法院在进行刑事案件的判决和裁定罪犯的假释时,推出了委托司法行政机关开展审前社会调查的改革措施,意在加大社区矫正的适用比重,以从源头上加强对社区矫正工作的支持力度.