Juvenile Competency and Pretrial Due Process: A Call for Greater Protections in Massachusetts for Juveniles Residing in Procedural Purgatory

While juvenile courts continue to balance and reevaluate the dual goals of community safety and rehabilitation of youth, juveniles who are not competent to stand trial have been left without sufficient procedural protections. This paper examines Massachusetts’ approach to juvenile competency, due process, and pretrial procedure, within a national context. The inadequacies of the Massachusetts juvenile competency laws are not unique. Currently there are nineteen states that either entirely lack juvenile‐specific competency legislation or merely incorporate inapposite adult criminal statutes and standards into the juvenile context—making it difficult or impossible for those juvenile courts to dismiss or divert a delinquency petition following an incompetency finding. Massachusetts and states similarly situated should adopt explicit statutory language to delineate the basis for a juvenile incompetency finding and the grounds for dismissing delinquency complaints pretrial after an incompetency finding has been made. This paper proposes that Massachusetts adopt a timeline for effecting such dismissals based in part on the amount of time a juvenile could face if committed to the juvenile correctional authority following an adjudication of delinquency. The paper also recommends best practices of states that are pioneering juvenile legislative reforms like dismissal timelines and incompetency presumptions. Finally, we suggest a more stringent regulatory framework be put in place governing the pretrial detention of youths who have been found not competent to stand trial—a framework that recognizes and preserves the juvenile's substantive rights to education, mental health and rehabilitative services. Without legislation, juveniles found not competent to stand trial remain subject to the prospect of indefinite locked detention, often without access to the necessary services that contribute to future success as well as attainment of competency. This lack of due process runs counter to the foundational goals of the juvenile justice system.     

审前程序中的程序性辩护

以程序法为依据,针对刑事诉讼中的程序性争议提出主张或提出程序性申请,以期维护或实现被追诉者程序性权利的辩护即为程序性辩护.审前程序中程序性辩护的主体主要是犯罪嫌疑人及其辩护律师;权利内容由申请或异议权等四个方面的权利构成;程序性辩护的权利客体涉及程序性争议及程序性申请两大方面.     

从5.26案件看我国假释制度

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善 ,我国的假释制度已逐步趋于完善。正确使用假释制度 ,加强职能机关的监督 ,积极推行案件倒查、回访、公开听证制度 ,避免司法腐败 ,具有十分重要的意义     

What do we really know? The effect of reporting thresholds on inferences using environmental right‐to‐know data

Environmental right‐to‐know regulations require regulated entities to publicly disclose measures of environmental performance but exempt entities from these disclosure requirements if they manufacture, process, or use a chemical below some threshold level. Environmental right‐to‐know data are widely used to assess environmental performance by academics, regulators, non‐profit organizations, and the public. This paper uses data from Massachusetts to estimate the effect of reporting thresholds in environmental right‐to‐know programs on the validity of inferences using data from these programs. The analysis indicates that errors in inference introduced by reporting thresholds may be significant. Up to 40% of the observed decline in reported toxic releases in Massachusetts may be attributed to non‐reporting due to the reporting thresholds. In addition, quartile rankings of facilities may be in error up to 45% of the time when behavior around the reporting thresholds is not taken into account.     

我国关于垄断协议法律规制的缺陷分析--兼评《中华人民共和国反垄断法(送审稿)》

规范垄断协议是世界各国反垄断法的重要内容,也是反垄断法中最受关注、制裁最为严厉的部分。我国的反垄断法经过学者们的“千呼万唤”,终于送交审议。《中华人民共和国反垄断法(送审稿)》经过两年以来的不断调整与修正,与“草拟稿”相较更加合理、更加完善,但是对垄断协议的界定、豁免、法律责任等方面仍存在不足,尚需进一步的调整与完善,以使之更有效地保障市场竞争机制的良性运行。     

丹皮酚非离子表面活性剂囊泡的制备及其体外释放研究

目的 研究非离子表面活性囊泡对丹皮酚的包封作用及其体外释放行为的影响,为丹皮酚体内给药提供一种新的剂型,以期改善丹皮酚水溶性差、稳定性低等缺陷。方法 采用改进的乙醇注入法,利用非离子表面活性剂Span60、胆固醇、PEG- SA为囊材,以丹皮酚为模型药物,制备非离子表面活性剂载药囊泡,通过包封率、粒径和电位的测定等优化出最佳的工艺,采用正交试验确定最佳处方,研究表面活性剂囊泡在模拟体液中的释放行为。结果 表面活性剂囊泡的最佳处方为：Span60 80 mg,胆固醇30 mg,PEG15- SA 30 mg,丹皮酚30 mg,水合介质磷酸盐缓冲液（pH值＝7.4）60 mL。体外释放行为表明,表面活性剂囊泡具有明显的缓释作用。结论 该方法制备的PEG化丹皮酚非离子表面活性剂囊泡具有较高的包封率以及很高的稳定性,PEG化泡囊作为丹皮酚载体有着潜在的应用价值。     

试论人的全面发展——以释放消费潜力为视角

人的全面发展包括能力、社会关系、个性与人的消费需求等方面的发展。中国当前的消费需求潜力巨大,但有待释放。由于各地经济社会发展不平衡,消费者的潜力释放受一系列体制和结构性矛盾的制约,直接影响人的全面发展。因此,释放巨大的消费潜力是人的全面发展的动力,而人的全面发展又是释放消费潜力、促进经济结构优化的目的,二者相辅相成,形成良性循环。     

审前准备程序的建立与完善

比较西方各国的审前准备程序立法,我国的审前准备程序存在准备活动以法官为主体、准备内容上没有交换证据、归纳争点等实质性内容。为此,应从三个步骤构建我国的审前准备程序:起诉和答辩;审前证据交换和审前会议;另外还需建立举证时限制度和准备法官负责制度。     

Predicting pretrial misconduct with drug tests of arrestees: Evidence from eight settings

Identifying defendants at high risk of pretrial misconduct is a major problem for the judiciary. Currently, some have argued that testing arrestees for recent drug use is one way to distinguish between those who will and those who will not commit pretrial misconduct. The research reported here questions whether the incremental predictive power resulting from drug testing always improves predictions of pretrial misconduct. Using survival analysis to study time until rearrest and a probit model to analyze the occurrence of a failure to appear, we show that urine test results have no consistent power to predict pretrial misconduct after accounting for defendant's criminal records, community ties, and other factors commonly known by the court. These results are based on our analysis of eight data sets from different locales, time periods, and age groups.