Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research

The volatile political environment that surrounds the issue of “racial profiling” has led local and state police agencies across the nation to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this issue is overwhelmed by the unsupported assumption that all race-based decision making by police officers is motivated by individual police officers' racial prejudice. This article reviews recently published studies on racial profiling and critiques both their methods and conclusions. Using the conceptual framework for police research presented by Bernard and Engel, it reviews a number of theories that may explain racial disparities in the rates of police stops. The authors argue that to explain police behavior better, theoretical models must guide future data collection efforts.     

Police Officers on Drug Corners in Philadelphia,Drug Crime,and Violent Crime: Intended,Diffusion, and Displacement Impacts

On May 1, 2002, the Philadelphia Police Department launched Operation Safe Streets, stationing officers at 214 of the highest drug activity locations in the city 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Interrupted time series (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models on weekly data isolated citywide and local program impacts on all violent crimes, murder, and reported drug crimes. Results showed no significant impacts on citywide weekly counts for drug crimes, homicides, or all violent crimes. Geographically focused analyses showed significant localized intervention impacts for both violent and drug crimes. Analyses of high‐drug‐activity non‐intervention sites suggest: the program impacts seen were not an artifact of history or local history; significant spatial diffusion of preventive benefits for violent crime; and probably significant spatial displacement for drug crime. Stationary targeted drug‐enforcement interventions like Operation Safe Streets may differentially affect the locational selection processes behind violent crime versus drug crime.     

法院在防治家庭暴力中的作用实证研究——以重庆市某区人民法院审理涉及家庭暴力案件情况为对象

通过实证调研,其结果显示家庭暴力的发生率仍然较高,并且当事人呈现出性别、年龄、职业等方面的特点。人民法院在涉家庭暴力案件的审理过程中,既有家庭暴力认定、举证责任分配、人身安全保护裁定送达、调解方法上的有益经验,也面临着防治家庭暴力立法及反家庭暴力联动机制不完善、人身安全保护裁定的局限性、取证难等一些困境。建议我国尽快制定一部统一的"家庭暴力防治法",在加强防治家庭暴力宣传的同时,明确规范各相关部门的职责与责任,加强各部门之间的联动协作。     

船舶建造合同变更法律风险及防范——以船舶建造方为视角

在船舶建造合同纠纷当中,合同变更引发的纠纷占有相当的比重。中国船厂因为在合同变更上的疏忽与经验的不足,屡屡在国际仲裁中被裁定违约,遭受了巨大的经济损失。针对造船合同的特殊性,结合对国际上较有代表性的船舶建造标准合同文本的研究,从船舶建造方的角度对船舶建造合同变更过程中易引发纠纷的风险点进行全面梳理,论述风险的具体表现形式和成因,并提出具有针对性的防范建议,以期对中国船厂预防合同变更中的风险有所助益。     

政府在群体性事件各阶段中的应对之策

群体性事件从产生到发展直至最后爆发一般都要经过萌芽阶段、显露阶段、发展阶段和激化阶段四个阶段。因此,政府作为主导社会正常运行的一方,也要做到因势而为,采取预防和处置两种应对之策。在萌芽阶段,政府要高度重视改善民生在化解社会矛盾中的基础作用,并采取切实有效的措施建立民众利益表达机制。在显露阶段,政府要建立社会矛盾化解机制。在发展阶段,政府要努力畅通政府信访渠道,妥善处理具体案件和依法及时做好信息公开。在激化阶段,要坚持尽快平息事件原则,建立群体性事件的预警与协调机制,恰当谨慎使用警力,并注意引导社会舆论。     

对群体性事件的群众观点分析

探讨群体性事件是当前乃至今后一个时期我国维护社会和谐稳定的一项重要课题。群众观点是唯物史观的本质要求,是无产阶级政党的显著特征,也是我们正确处理党群关系、干群关系的基本准则。近年来发生的一些群体性事件,损害了党群关系和干群关系,其根源在于严重脱离人民群众,预防和处置的根本之道是牢固确立和扎实践行群众观点,并将之融入到日常工作中。     

弱势地位下的农民工犯罪问题探析

城市农民工是城市中的特殊群体,他们在城市发展中扮演着非常重要的角色,但由于受制度歧视,社会保障机制不完善,导致出现农民工犯罪问题。本文从构建和谐社会的角度思考农民工犯罪问题,通过对弱势群体的农民工生存状态的关注,剖析引发农民工犯罪的主要原因,从社会、政府等角度来思考预防农民工犯罪的对策,以维护社会稳定,构建社会主义和谐社会。     

情境预防视阈下首都社区安全治理——基于北京市23个社区的调查分析

情境预防理论表明首都社区安全治理绝不能仅依赖警察为主体的国家强制力,而应通过社区情境的优化来达到"无为而治"的社区治理效果。基于对北京市23个社区的调查分析,发现社区物理环境显著影响着社区安全度,楼房社区-自住平房-公寓-出租平房形成自高至低的社区安全梯度,因此情境预防应融入社区物理环境的规划-设计-建设-维护流程。另外,社区社会情境同样显著影响着社区安全度,社会治安综合治理机制与社区警务机制作为安全网络的双重支柱,应由压力型体制下单向执行转向双向互动网络,而基于互联网与物联网的社区大数据平台应构成社区神经系统与实时自动监测系统。     

‘A Sick,Weak, and Ignorant People’: Public Health Education and Prevention in Rural Colombia, 1930–1940

This article analyses Salud y Sanidad (Health and Sanitation), a government journal edited in 1930s Colombia. It examines the state's model of public health, which proposed education and prevention as strategies to guarantee the success of its programmes. It argues that despite the journal's more progressive approaches, editors and contributors reproduced stereotypes about Colombia's rural inhabitants that contradicted state rhetoric and showed the limits of public health models that do not address the underlying social inequities that drive the propagation of poverty and disease in rural areas, and that ultimately continued to blame victims for their illness and misfortune