Explaining South Africa's Bill of Rights: an interpretive approach

Ideational approaches to politics are frequently criticised for indeterminacy. In comparative constitutional politics, critics have alleged that the ‘human rights revolution’ cannot explain why bills of rights were adopted in different places and different times. Ideational scholars have not responded convincingly. Focusing on the famous South African case study, and drawing on theories of belief formation and legitimation in interpretive political science, this paper argues that new beliefs can be explained by historically specifiable dilemmas. It uses process-tracing to show how scholars have mistakenly assumed that key players in the post-apartheid transition only adopted beliefs in rights in order to rationalise interests.     

我国中小企业融资困境及对策

我国中小企业由于自身的性质、特点,以及经济转轨过程中政策滞后、制度不完善、渠道不畅通等原因,面临资金短缺却又无处融资的困境.中小企业要摆脱这些融资困境,必须从宏观、微观两个层面双管齐下政府应积极改善中小企业的融资环境,拓宽融资渠道;企业应苦修内功,加强管理,增强企业竞争力.     

社会主义初级阶段理论探析

社会主义初级阶段是我国现阶段的最大实际。作为马克思主义与中国具体实际相结合的经典标志,社会主义初级阶段理论充分体现了社会发展规律的普遍性和特殊性。其内在理论品质证明了社会主义市场经济存在的合理性,是马克思主义中国化的又一次伟大胜利。     

Developing an index of EX-POST parliamentary oversight of public finance

For the past decade, scholars and practitioners have developed indexes to measure both legislative powers in general, and of the legislative power of the purse, in particular. Initial focus was on the development of a comprehensive index of legislative powers, and on assessing the ex-ante role of the legislature in the budget process.

This article substantially deepens extends previous research on ex-post oversight, by developing a more comprehensive index to measure ex-post oversight, by using more up-to-date data bases and by including more countries. We can partially confirm the emerging consensus that ex-post budget oversight is stronger in parliamentary – and especially Westminster – systems than in countries with other forms of government, thereby somewhat offsetting the previously identified weaknesses of Westminster parliaments in budget formulation.

When used in combination Wehner’s [2006. Assessing the power of the purse: An index of legislative budget institutions. Political Studies, 54, 767–785] index of ex-ante legislative oversight, this index provides a comprehensive picture of legislative power of the purse regarding the budget process.     

幼儿园“小学化”的困境与幼儿园课程改革的研究

近年来,幼儿教育得到了长远的发展,但是幼儿园"小学化"现象却呈现出了愈演愈烈的趋势,这对幼儿知识、情感以及能力的培养,以及对全面发展的高素质人才的需求都将产生不利的影响。应试教育的弊端、幼儿教育课程内容不合理以及国家政策、财政的缺失等是造成这一现象的重要原因。随着相关法律法规的颁布执行,家长、幼儿园和社会的教育观念的更新,使三者形成合力,可以更好的解决当前幼儿教育面临的困境。     

当代美国假释制度的新发展

美国假释制度近30年的发展历程有三个成长代。第一代假释执行的方式主要是监视、面谈等,假释基本上等同于释放;第二代假释执行方式将假释人员置于矫正项目中,突出了矫正;第三代假释执行引入了行为管理方法。与之比较,可看出我国的假释现状与其第一代相类似,必然制约假释的推行,导致"假释难"。如果像其第二代、第三代那样,建立起一个完整的、具有科学性和有效性的矫正系统,"假释难"将迎刃而解。     

从法治本土化角度谈习惯与制定法之间的互动

制定法作为现代法治社会尤其是大陆法系国家法律渊源的主要表现形式,其内容是抽象的、概括的,具有稳定性的特征。然而,社会生活是具体的、易变的,由此产生了法与社会生活的不适应性,因而其他渊源作为制定法的补充地位显而易见。我国正在进行的法治现代化建设,不仅包括对西方先进法律制度的借鉴,还应关注"本土化资源"。唯有两者结合,才能实现国家制定法与习惯等民间法治资源的良性互动。     

推进“三化”建设 提高农村党建科学化水平

农村基层党组织在推进社会主义新农村建设、加快构建和谐社会等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。现阶段,加强农村基层党组织建设,应在不断提高科学化水平上下工夫,在实践中具体表现为：科学设置农村党建核心指标,推进农村党建标准化;借鉴经济方法开展党建工作,推进农村党建效益化;建立农村党建激励关爱机制,推进农村党建人文化。     

Elected Second Chambers and Their Powers: An International Survey

In May 2011, Britain's Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government published proposals for reform of the House of Lords. In a White Paper and draft bill they set out detailed plans for a largely or wholly elected second chamber. These marked the latest stage in a long‐running debate on Lords reform. The government's proposals aim to change the composition of the second chamber, suggesting that there will be no change to its powers or the conventions governing relations with the House of Commons. But this expectation has been disputed. The House of Lords presently does not make full use of its powers, and many anticipate that it would if its members became elected. This paper reviews the composition of all second chambers internationally, showing that wholly directly elected chambers make up the minority, and that both mixed chambers and indirect election are common. It then reviews the formal powers of all largely and wholly elected chambers. This shows that amongst parliamentary systems the formal powers of the House of Lords are relatively great. But second chamber powers, as well as their composition, vary widely.     

商业行规的类型化及法律适用

商业行规是实现商业行业治理的基础，是商事法治完善的重要构成，绝对否定商业行规法律约束力的理论与实践不利于我国市场经济法治建设。文章将商业行规划分为正式商业行规与非正式商业行规两个基本类型，前者等同于商事惯例且具有法律约束力，可作为补充性法源予以适用，而后者不同于商事惯例，亦不具法律约束力。通过商法理论解释和案例统计分析，文章对正式商业行规与非正式商业行规的分类意义，以及正式商业行规与非正式商业行规法律适用中存在的问题、解决思路以及相应对策进行了阐述和论证，在新时代社会治理新格局和民法典分编制定的背景下，具有重要的理论和现实指导意义。