Identification of colorants in pigmented pen inks by laser desorption mass spectrometry

Pigments are rapidly replacing dyes as colorants in pen and printer inks, due to their superior colors and stability. Unfortunately, tools commonly used in questioned document examination for analyzing pen inks, such as TLC, cannot be used for the analysis of insoluble pigments on paper. Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated here as a tool for analyzing pigment-based pen inks. A pulsed nitrogen laser can be focused onto a pen stroke from a pigmented ink pen on paper, and positive and negative ions representative of the pigment can be generated for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Targeted pens for this work were a set of Uni-ball 207 pigmented ink pens containing blue, light blue, orange, green, violet, red, pink, and black inks. Copper phthalocyanine was identified as the pigment used to make both blue inks. A mixture of halogenated copper phthalocyanines were identified in the green ink. Unexpectedly, the pink ink was found to contain a red pigment, Pigment Red 12, treated with a mixture of water-soluble dyes. Each sample yielded ions representative of the pigments present.     

论法院对国际商事仲裁裁决的程序审查

程序审查是法院对国际商事仲裁裁决进行司法审查的重要内容。但长期以来,在法院对国际商事仲裁裁决进行程序审查的范围和认定程序违法的标准问题上,一直没有统一的认识。并非所有的违反程序规则的行为都可作为认定程序违法并进而撤销仲裁裁决的理由,只有那些违反程序规则的行为严重到违反了正当程序原则时,才可认定仲裁程序违法,并进而考虑是否撤销仲裁裁决。这样才符合法律建立对国际商事仲裁裁决进行司法审查的原旨和目的。     

国家法律者自国家考试出--德国职业法律者培养和选拔模式一瞥

法治国家的建立和法律秩序的维护需要一大批高素质的职业法律者,德国在培养和选拔职业法律者的过程中创造了一批独特的模式.这种模式具有浓烈的国家色彩.它通过国家考试的形式将培养和选拔溶为一体.在德国,未来职业法律者在参加国家考试前,必须要经过校园专业学习和职业预备期的训练.当然,这种模式也有其缺陷和不足.     

关于我国宪政意识缺位及建构问题的思考

由于商品经济的薄弱与自然经济的发达、我国传统文化对宪政核心价值的偏离以及宪法的实际运行情况等经济、文化和现实的原因,导致了我国宪政意识的缺位。为了培育公民的宪政意识,必须大力发展社会主义市场经济,加强社会主义民主政治建设,保证司法的独立性和公正性,保障宪法实施,建立健全我国的违宪审查机制,从而构建宪政意识的经济基础、政治基础、司法基础和制度基础。     

栅格特征在打印文件检验中的应用研究

目的通过对打印文字栅格特征进行实验研究,总结其稳定性和易引起特征变化的因素,为二次添加打印和换页变造文件检验探索新的思路。方法以500个常用汉字为主要研究对象,选用不同品牌、不同型号激光打印机,设置不同分辨率或质量模式,用同一台电脑或不同台电脑安装不同驱动程序,打印中易宋体常用字不同字号的样本。通过对打印文字笔画细节特征进行比对分析,总结打印文字栅格特征的规律特点。结果打印文字存在三类栅格特征,一是横笔段厚度特征,二是竖笔段宽度特征,三是斜笔画阶梯特征。同一台打印机一次打印的文件,相同字体字号文字的栅格特征反映相同;不同打印机或同一台打印机连接不同版本操作系统的电脑,或安装不同驱动程序,或选择不同的打印分辨率,栅格特征可能发生变化。结论栅格特征在同一次打印的文件中具有稳定性,在不同硬件和软件环境下可能发生改变,可以为换页文件和二次添加打印文件检验提供新的思路。     

共有不动产执行中的争议处理——兼论执行立法草案相关条文的内容构成

共有不动产的执行是实务中的难点之一。其难处主要在于如何处理“析产”所引发的种种争议,对于这些争议的处理解决往往牵涉到“执行程序与诉讼程序”“执行部门的诉讼与另行起诉”“查封阶段与处置阶段”等因素的选择组合,在理论上则存在着“形式审查说”与“有限实质审查说”之观点分歧。以夫妻共有不动产的执行为研究重点,在梳理执行实务中常见应对方式的基础上,就相关争议的处理解决及基本程序的构建进行分析,并对民事强制执行立法草案既有的若干方案作出评价。     

Firearm examination: Examiner judgments and computer‐based comparisons

Forensic firearm examination provides the court of law with information about the source of fired cartridge cases. We assessed the validity of source decisions of a computer‐based method and of 73 firearm examiners who compared breechface and firing pin impressions of 48 comparison sets. We also compared the computer‐based method's comparison scores with the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments and assessed the validity of the latter. The true‐positive rate (sensitivity) and true‐negative rate (specificity) of the computer‐based method (for the comparison of both the breechface and firing pin impressions) were 94.4% and at least 91.7%, respectively. For the examiners, the true‐positive rate was at least 95.3% and the true‐negative rate was at least 86.2%. The validity of the source decisions improved when the evaluations of breechface and firing pin impressions were combined and for the examiners also when the perceived difficulty of the comparison decreased. The examiners were reluctant to provide source decisions for "difficult" comparisons even though their source decisions were mostly correct. The correlation between the computer‐based method's comparison scores and the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments was low for the same‐source comparisons to negligible for the different‐source comparisons. Combining the outcomes of computer‐based methods with the judgments of examiners could increase the validity of firearm examinations. The examiners' numerical degree‐of‐support judgments for their source decisions were not well‐calibrated and showed clear signs of overconfidence. We suggest studying the merits of performance feedback to calibrate these judgments.     

司法改革视野下检察业务考评机制改革新思考

检察业务考评对驱动检察机关职能发挥、实现检察机关价值有重要作用。在本轮司法改革前,我国检察业务考评机制呈现层级化运作方式,由上级院考评下级院,检察官个人不作为考评主体;此后,各地在层级化考评运作下,探索构建对员额检察官个人的考评机制。我国检察业务考评的发展回应了检察改革实践,但尚未充分适应中国特色检察制度的要求,尚未做到完全按照检察规律办事,急需创新制定适应司法改革的考评措施。应从层级化考评的完善、创新设置个人考评、考评的组织与程序三方面进一步改革。     

盘查、侦查辨析

“盘查”和“侦查”在词义、适用对象、措施的属性、法律依据等方面都有严格的区分。正确行使盘查权和侦查权 ,对端正执法思想 ,规范执法行为 ,保障公民的合法权益、维护国家法律的尊严具有重要意义。通过对盘问和讯问以及询问的词义辨析 ,对盘查和侦查对象的区分 ,对行政强制措施和侦查措施行为特征和措施性质的判别 ,对盘问笔录、讯问笔录内容的比较 ,以及对盘查和侦查概念的界定等 ,可廓清对盘查和侦查的认识。     

发展战略的成功实施取决于相应的干部考核制度——对我国成功实施计划生育基本国策的一种解读

文章通过对计划生育基本国策实施阶段的具体分析,得出了计划生育基本国策成功实施的启示,即发展战略的成功实施取决于相应干部考核制度;并结合国内外发展战略成功实施的范例和我国科教兴国战略的实施现状,进一步阐明了发展战略的成功实施取决于相应的干部考核制度这一观点.