Where is the backward Russian peasant? Evidence against the superiority of private farming, 1883–1913

This contribution deals with agricultural dynamics in late-Imperial Russia. Based upon a comprehensive micro-level data set on annual yields between 1883 and 1913, we provide insight into regional differences of agricultural growth and the development prospects of Russian agriculture before WWI. Making use of the fact that contemporary Russian statistics distinguished between mostly communally governed open fields and privately owned land, we are able to test the implications of different land tenure systems for agricultural yield growth. In a broader sense, we seek to challenge the common narrative of Russia as an exception to the pan-European picture of economic development during the era of industrialization.     

Prosperity in crisis and the longue durée in Africa

ABSTRACT

Understanding the evolution and tenacity of particular ways of envisaging economic growth and development for Africa requires a form of analytical history that examines how conceptual structures function over the longue durée. Such an approach is more than simply empirical analysis through time or a set of abstractions based on the self-understandings of historical agents. It involves the development of a hypothetical analytic structure which through its own forms of transformation eventually comes to play a role in shaping the lived world of participants, including researchers, policymakers and ordinary citizens. This article uses research from Kenya and Zambia to demonstrate how a long-running – but temporally and spatially variable – focus on agricultural productivity has shaped the character of rural life in Africa, and why it has consistently failed to deliver enlarged forms of prosperity based on quality of life and ecological well-being.     

Labor History—Past,Present, and Future

ABSTRACT

While much recent literature has focused on the environmental cost of carbon fuels, these sources of energy generated large human costs in the work environment as well. Work in coal mines was famously dangerous. And while petroleum, gas extraction and refining were also risky, this paper demonstrates that they were far less dangerous than was coal, while energy productivity per worker was also higher in oil than coal. Relying in part on previously unexploited data, the paper also shows that on the eve of World War II, the human costs of energy – measured by fatalities per btu of output – were sharply less in oil and gas production than in coal mining. Thus the great twentieth century energy transition from coal to liquid and gaseous fuels reduced both the environmental and the workplace costs per unit of energy.     

知识经济条件下的劳动与中国先进生产力的代表

劳动是人类为满足自身需要而进行的制造产品和提供服务的有目的的活动。知识经济条件下的劳动分为科学技术劳动、经营管理劳动和直接操作劳动三类。科学技术劳动和经营管理劳动是社会生产力发展的重要源泉。科学技术劳动者、经营管理劳动者和直接操作劳动者中的技术工人是先进生产力的人格化。中国共产党要始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求 ,必须进一步调整党的有关政策。     

International Co‐Authorship and Research Team Performance in Colombia

This article examines the ways in which International Scientific Collaboration, as observed by the co‐authorship of journal articles written by local scientists and partners located overseas, affects the ability of research teams to produce bibliographic outputs and to contribute to local knowledge. A sample of 672 teams was randomly selected for the analyses. In addition, 20 interviews with experts and team members were administered to discuss models and results. Results show that co‐authoring with partners located overseas increases team output by nearly 40% and by between three and five bibliographic products. It also shows that a team's odds of involving Colombia in its research process are 2.2 times larger for those co‐authoring with a partner located overseas than for those that do not. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

Antecedents and consequences of interpersonal trust： An empirical study

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of empowerment, participation and feedback as antecedents of interpersonal trust and organizational commitment and productivity as consequences of interpersonal trust. This study also attempts to find the influence of empowerment, participation and feedback on positive organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment and productivity. A quantitative research design was employed. Data were collected through survey instrument from 186 participants comprising professional, administrative and support staff working in one municipality of Istanbul （Turkey） government. The research results indicate that interpersonal trust is vital to positive organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment and productivity and to enhance the interpersonal trust and positive organizational outcomes, which are characterized by empowerment, participation and feedback are very important.     

A farm‐sizewise analysis of irrigation distribution in India

This article analyses and describes the relationship between the size of operational holding on the one hand and various irrigation and irrigation‐related variables, on the hand, using cross‐section regression analysis of farm‐sizewise/statewise Indian data. The overall conclusion that emerges from the analysis is that irrigation development in India as a whole seems to be such that its propagation and diffusion among agricultural households seems to be somewhat in favour of larger farms. Even though the government predominantly controls the development and distribution of flow‐sources of irrigation, especially of canal irrigation, it does not seem to have produced any significant positive impact on reducing the level of inequity involved in the distribution of irrigation across farm‐size groups.     

Asian values and confucian ethics: Malay Singaporeans' dilemma

To refute recent claims by the Association of Muslim Professions (AMP) and Malaysian newspapers of Malay Singaporean marginalisation, the Singapore state issued a community progress report. Whilst statistics show that there is little evidence of systemic economic marginalisation, this article argues that the Asian values and Confucian ethics discourses pursued by the state in the nation-building process leaves little room for ethnic Malay discourse.     

关于加强政府财政支出管理以提升政府生产力的探讨

不断变化的行政环境会对政府提出各种不同的要求,不断发展的社会经济对政府生产力提出更高的要求。即政府能用最少的资源投入生产出尽可能多的公共产品或公共服务以更好地满足公众的需要。本文从财政支出管理角度分析,探讨要达到提升政府生产力的目的,政府在财政支出方面应当尽可能地做出努力。     

私营经济剥削问题的经济哲学思考

私营经济的剥削现象是在深化对社会主义劳动和劳动价值论讨论中的一个焦点问题。坚持用马克思主义基本观点科学分析现阶段剥削存在的必然性 ,正确认识剥削现象与社会主义本质的对抗性与社会主义本质实现过程的历史相容性的辩证关系 ,全面把握当前私营经济的特点 ,对于我们制订正确的政策 ,推动私营经济的发展 ,以及做好新时期非公有制经济代表人士的统战工作具有重要意义。