The Market for Scientific Crime Prevention: A Comparative Study of Canada and Venezuela

Crime prevention is an activity that, sooner or later, requires the concourse of science. But the dictates of science may not mesh well with the social, institutional and political considerations that are persistent and powerful determinants of collective action. To the extent that they are ignored, crime prevention is less scientific and more pragmatic. Using a marketing metaphor, this paper examines selected aspects of the supply of and demand for scientific crime prevention in Canada and Venezuela from 1949 to the present. In both countries, academic entrepreneurs are revealed to be a necessary factor in the sale of crime prevention to government. On the demand side, governments adopt and adapt crime prevention policies in relation to their broader perspective on social problems and social change. However, rising crime rates and climates of urgency reduce the attractiveness of crime prevention. Scientific crime prevention is easier to sell when crime rates are stable or declining.     

浅析破坏生产经营罪

破坏生产经营罪本身的构成要件含糊不明,加之为顺应我国经济体制的变化,使法律适应客观形式的发展,1997年刑法将破坏集体生产罪修改为破坏生产经营罪,并对之进行体系结构归属调整。但也为此使刑法学者对破坏生产经营罪产生诸多争议。如此罪侵犯的客体是单一客体,还是复杂客体。特别是此罪容易与其他相关犯罪混淆,给司法实践带来不便。通过重新界定生产经营的内涵、犯罪的目的等,对其进行合理的限制解释,并将其与一些极易混淆的犯罪加以比较,进一步明确此罪。     

DOES CRIME JUST MOVE AROUND THE CORNER? A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF CRIME CONTROL BENEFITS*

Recent studies point to the potential theoretical and practical benefits of focusing police resources on crime hot spots. However, many scholars have noted that such approaches risk displacing crime or disorder to other places where programs are not in place. Although much attention has been paid to the idea of displacement, methodological problems associated with measuring it have often been overlooked. We try to fill these gaps in measurement and understanding of displacement and the related phenomenon of diffusion of crime control benefits. Our main focus is on immediate spatial displacement or diffusion of crime to areas near the targeted sites of an intervention. Do focused crime prevention efforts at places simply result in a movement of offenders to areas nearby targeted sites—“do they simply move crime around the corner”? Or, conversely, will a crime prevention effort focusing on specific places lead to improvement in areas nearby—what has come to be termed a diffusion of crime control benefits? Our data are drawn from a controlled study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, New Jersey. Two sites with substantial street‐level crime and disorder were targeted and carefully monitored during an experimental period. Two neighboring areas were selected as “catchment areas” from which to assess immediate spatial displacement or diffusion. Intensive police interventions were applied to each target site but not to the catchment areas. More than 6,000 20‐minute social observations were conducted in the target and catchment areas. They were supplemented by interviews and ethnographic field observations. Our findings indicate that, at least for crime markets involving drugs and prostitution, crime does not simply move around the corner. Indeed, this study supports the position that the most likely outcome of such focused crime prevention efforts is a diffusion of crime control benefits to nearby areas.     

惩罚吸毒的根据——《禁毒法》(草案)引发的思考

国内法学界目前在对吸毒行为如何定性问题上有三种观点相持不下,焦点是吸毒的犯罪化与非犯罪化或者说是吸毒的合法化与非法化的问题。是否将吸毒犯罪化,涉及吸毒者是否应当受到刑罚、惩罚的对象以及应当受什么惩罚等问题。关于法律惩罚正当性的论证,既有报应主义和功利主义两种思路,又有强调个人自由的古典自由主义以及强调国家利益和社会利益的国家—社群主义两种立场。前者注重吸毒对社会法益的侵害,后者则关注公民反毒意识的形成。     

概念的系统性完善——论犯罪的方面与犯罪构成的要件、要素的关系

犯罪的方面包容相应的犯罪构成要件,犯罪构成要件由犯罪构成要素组成,对三者的定位涉及到坚持用科学系统论分析犯罪构成的问题,应当弥补传统刑法理论在概念上混淆三者的疏漏,科学构建完善作为理论大厦基石的概念,另外,对犯罪各方面下犯罪构成具体相应要件和要素纵向深入的剖析,进一步印证了对三者上述关系的分析。     

宪政视角下的国家刑罚权

国家刑罚权是一柄双刃剑,既能保证人权,也容易侵犯人权,因此必须以宪政的精神对刑罚权予以规制,特别是要以正当法律程序对其规制,使刑罚权更加谦抑、更符合人道性,这也是契合宪政之道的。     

注册防火工程师执业与管理的构想与展望

文章假设我国已建立注册防火工程师制度,那么消防机构将已进行性能化建筑防火设计与评估的工程实行备案制度,不进行具体的建筑防火审查。注册防火工程师执业的机构形式有两种:大型设计院、研究所、高校所属的性能化防火设计研究所和社会性的火灾安全咨询服务公司。公安部消防局是注册防火工程师执业机构的主管部门,并对其进行行业与技术管理,如人员组成、软件设备、注册资金及收费标准、人员培训与业务指导以及建筑设计修改等。     

如何有效地开展安全检查

安全检查是安全保卫工作中及时发现、消除安全隐患的一项重要措施 ,但是在实际工作中却存在检查内容不完善 ,操作性不强 ,流于形式的现象。根本上解决这一问题必须在安全检查的内容上、形式上及其检查时机等方面进行更加合理的界定和把握 ;并利用现代先进科学技术拓宽安全检查的范围 ,提高安全检查的准确性。     

心理应激与故意犯罪心理产生的关系

心理学的发展为预防和打击犯罪这一课题的研究提供了新的思考方向。心理应激是心理学的一个基本概念 ,可以从心理应激与犯罪心理产生之间的关系展开初步探讨 ,并进一步以案件为例加以印证。     

Crime Victimization: Assessing Differences Between Violent and Nonviolent Experiences

Experiencing a criminal victimization is among one of the most stressful human experiences. A cross-sectional study of victims of violent crime and victims of nonviolent crime suggests that there are statistically significant differences in experiences in the initial aftermath of the crime event and a few common effects. This article describes the common effects that are associated with criminal victimization in the context of intense distress and discusses the theoretical implications of well-being in the coping process. One hundred seventy-five victims of violent or nonviolent crime were interviewed. Implications for social work practice and theory and future research are delineated.