云计算服务平台适用避风港规则的局限性及其破解

相较于其他的网络服务提供者,云计算平台在技术特征上具有服务的糅合性。云平台需要遵循“回避用户内容”的伦理要求,同时具有“糅合服务层级”的实践样态,导致其在适用避风港规则时在主体适格性和对策可能性等方面存在局限。我国应当坚持避风港规则在平台知识产权治理中的原有地位,作为回应,建议将以云平台为代表的新型网络服务提供者在立法中加以明确,强化避风港规则的包容性。必要措施上,秉承比例原则的思路,对于一般侵权行为,云平台可以采取相对缓和的“三振出局”结合合同责任的“分段式措施”;只有对于重复侵权、恶意侵权等情节严重的行为,方能采取“釜底抽薪”式的制裁手段。     

Designing Policy Pilots under Climate Uncertainty: A Conceptual Framework for Comparative Analysis

Abstract

An ongoing challenge while designing policies pertains to their proportionality with the change that is likely or expected in a future policy context. This article conceptualizes proportionality as a feature of policy design to compare different policy strategies launched in response to current and expected changes in the policy context and contributes to comparative policy theory and practice. The conceptual framework is operationalized with climate change as a complex policy problem that challenges policymakers in designing proportionate strategies to enable adaptation to change in the climate and associated impacts. Under conditions of uncertainty, policy piloting provides an opportunity to experiment and test the design features of alternatives to status quo policies to function in a changed policy context. The theoretical discussion is supplemented with examples of policy pilots launched as a form of policy experimentation to address climatic risks to agriculture in rainfed zones of India. Policy design features in four settings of change in policy context, ranging from small-scale incremental to highly flexible adaptive responses, are compared using the framework of proportionality.     

密薪制下解雇合法性之判断

在国内市场与国际市场接轨融合过程中，我国逐步引进了薪酬保密制度。囿于司法实践对密薪 制法律性质认定不一及企业运用该制度过于笼统，因违反该制度而遭解雇的纠纷逐年增多，法院针对密薪制下 解雇合法性判断也分歧较大。本研究借助 20 个典型案例界定了密薪制法律性质，并认为针对密薪制下解雇合法 性判断，美国采用“三步分析法”，而基于实情和现有法律制度，我国宜采取“两步走”方案：密薪制内容与 制定程序均合法的，方可作为确定劳动关系双方权利义务的依据，否则制度本身违法，基于制度内容作出的解 雇决定亦违法；解雇决定应与劳动者违规行为造成后果的严重程度相适应，符合“比例原则”，否则亦违法。     

Privacy,surveillance, and the proportionality principle: The need for a method of assessing privacy implications of technologies used for surveillance

Developments in technology have created the possibility for law enforcement authorities to use for surveillance purposes devices that are in the hands or private premises of individuals (e.g. smart phones, GPS devices, smart meters, etc.). The extent to which these devices interfere with an individual's private sphere might differ. In the European Union, surveillance measures are considered lawful if they have been issued in conformity with the legal rules and the proportionality principle. Taking a fundamental rights approach, this paper focuses on the information needed for adopting proportionate decisions when authorizing the use for surveillance of devices that are not built for surveillance purposes. Since existing methods of privacy assessment of technologies do not offer the required information, this paper suggests the need for a new method of assessing privacy implications of technologies and devices which combines an assessment of privacy aspects with the different dimensions of surveillance.     

On Introducing Proportionality in American Presidential Elections: An Historical Analysis, 1828–2008

It is well known that the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the population. Every time a candidate who does not win the most popular votes is elected President, detractors of the Electoral College call for its abolishment and supporters extol its undoubtedly merits. This article investigates what would have happened if a solution halfway between both extremes (a direct national election and the current system) had been used in historical Presidential elections; namely, a proportional rule with thresholds to assign electors in each state. This system would generate electoral colleges closer to popular will, reduce the risk of electing a minority president and impose the need of more balanced regional support to be elected, although increasing the risk of a third candidate emerging.     

Forfeiture Theory and Symmetrical Attackers

This article defends the following thesis: The Problem of Symmetrical Attackers does not falsify forfeiture theory. The theory asserts that except in the case where violence is necessary to avoid a catastrophe, only those who forfeit their rights are liable for defensive violence. The problem arises from the following sort of case, the Symmetrical Attacker Case, in which Al and Bob are doppelgangers. They both mistakenly but justifiably think that the other is about to attack them. They both respond with violence that is necessary and that they think is necessary to prevent the attack. The problem is that one person forfeits his right if and only if the second does not and that it appears to be impossible for both or neither to forfeit. The article argues that the forfeiture theory is not falsified by this problem because the problem is equally damaging to every plausible theory of permissible defensive violence.     

论比例原则在经济法中的适用

被誉为“公法皇冠”的比例原则在经济法中的适用具有可行性和必要性。比例原则的“相对普适性”为其在经济法中的适用提供了法理基础,引入比例原则不仅可以回应经济法现代性的内在诉求,还是贯彻经济法理念和基本原则的必然要求。比例原则在经济法中的适用范围涵盖“权力—权利”和“权利—权利”二元法律关系结构,但是,特殊紧急状态和合意行为应排除比例原则的适用。囿于比例原则的抽象性,有必要构建其在经济法中的类型化适用路径:以法律关系结构为划分依据,通过“目的正当性—适当性—必要性—均衡性”的差异化认定标准,塑造“宽松”和“相对严格”的审查基准模型。     

新西兰非法证据排除规则及其启示

新西兰非法证据排除规则有两个主要特色：排除模式由自动排除转向裁量排除；法官行使裁量权时遵循行政上的“比例原则”。这两个特色启示我们，我国非法证据排除规则的建构应采取裁量排除模式，法官在考量对非法获取的证据是否排除时应遵循“比例原则”。     

论欧盟行政法上的比例原则

比例原则要求行政机关施加于个人的负担不得超越所拟实现目标，审查标准涉及方式与目标的适当性、必要性以及所涉利益的均衡性。在欧盟行政法上，比例原则具有极其重要的地位，审查强度因适用范围的不同亦有所变化。欧盟各成员国特别是英国受到欧盟行政法的影响，引起了比例原则与其固有原则之间的冲突。同时，由于涉及到行政专业领域的裁量问题，比例原则的适用也存在一定的争议，值得关注。