位置何以成为隐私?——大数据时代位置信息的法律保护

在数据这一新型生产要素中,位置数据的应用 日益广泛,不仅"基于位置的服务"雨后春笋般涌现,政府也基于位置数据创新社会治理方式、辅助案件侦破.然而,位置数据获取技术的进步及智能手机(作为现代最主要的定位工具)的普及,使得公民私密生活受到无处不在的位置监控威胁.位置信息的敏感性、位置获取技术的侵入性、公民对位置信息的隐私期...     

比例原则的适用范围与限度

比例原则是对限制公民权利的国家权力的限制,其适用需要满足一定的前提条件。比例原则保护的是一种相对权利,审查的是国家权力行使的合理性问题,不可克减的公民权利以及目的正当性不在其适用范围内。比例原则具有独特的内涵和价值功能,没有必要也不应当在民法、刑法等部门法中普遍适用,理应回归行政法这一固有领地。为适应国家任务的多样性,比例原则在关注侵益行政行为的同时,也应当向授益行政行为和互益行政行为的领域拓展,但“最小侵害”的严格标准和“法益均衡”的目标追求,决定了其主要用于规制常态意义下的行政权力行使,在紧急状态中的适用要受到一定限制。     

效果标准与目的标准之争:间接征收认定的新发展

近年来,间接征收问题日益引起许多政府及国际法学者的广泛关注。认定间接征收实际上就是如何判断特定政府措施的“效果”与“目的”以及如何处理二者之间的关系。从法律学说、法律规范及投资仲裁三个层面可以发现间接征收认定标准的若干新发展。在认定间接征收过程中引入比例原则有其积极作用,但潜在风险也不客忽视。     

Military genomic testing: proportionality,expected benefits,and the connection between genotypes and phenotypes

Mehlman and Li offer a framework for approaching the bioethical issues raised by the military use of genomics that is compellingly grounded in both the contemporary civilian and military ethics of medical research, arguing that military commanders must be bound by the two principles of paternalism and proportionality. I agree fully. But I argue here that this is a much higher bar than we may fully realize. Just as the principle of proportionality relies upon a thorough assessment of harms caused and military advantage gained, the use of genomic research, on Mehlman and Li''s view, will require an accurate understanding of the connection between genotypes and phenotypes – accurate enough to ameliorate the risk undertaken by our armed forces in being subject to such research. Recent conceptual work in evolutionary theory and the philosophy of biology, however, renders it doubtful that such knowledge is forthcoming. The complexity of the relationship between genotypic factors and realized traits (the so-called ‘G→P map’) makes the estimation of potential military advantage, as well as potential harm to our troops, incredibly challenging. Such fundamental conceptual challenges call into question our ability to ever satisfactorily satisfy the demands of a sufficiently rigorous ethical standard.     

论比例原则在国际海洋划界中的功能与缺陷——基于国际司法裁决的考量

根据国际司法裁决,比例原则在海洋划界中的功能可以归纳为两个层面:一是构成调整临时海洋边界线的"相关情况";二是作为海洋划界结果公平性检验的标准。中国有着较长的海岸线,因此在按照公平原则处理与周边邻国的海洋划界纠纷时,比例原则将发挥重要作用。但是,国际司法裁决并没有阐明需要调整临时海洋边界线的"海岸线长度差异"的判断标准,以及成比例检验出现"重大比例失衡"的检验标准,国际司法机构在此方面拥有很大的自由裁量权。因此,为克服比例原则适用时的主观性问题,未来的国际司法裁决不妨适当引入量化标准,以确保海洋划界结果的公平性和可预测性。     

论被追诉人通信权的保障——以欧洲人权法院相关裁决为考察重点

我国刑事诉讼制度在保障被追诉人权利方面取得许多重大进展,但还有一些值得改善之处,其中对被追诉人的通信权保障还严重不足,不利于提升辩护的有效性及保障的被追诉人隐私权。而欧洲公约对被追诉人通信权所采取的严格审查机制以及欧洲人权法院在司法实践中确立的拆而不阅原则与禁止例行性检阅原则能较好地保障被追诉人的通信权,值得我们借鉴。     

Güler and Öngel v Turkey: Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Strasbourg's Discourse on the Justified Use of Force

This article discusses the discourse on the justified use of force in the Strasbourg Court's analysis of Article 3. With particular focus on the judgment in Güler and Öngel v Turkey, a case concerning the use of force by State agents against demonstrators, it addresses the question of the implications of such discourse, found in this and other cases, on the absolute nature of Article 3. It offers a perspective which suggests that the discourse on the justified use of force can be reconciled with Article 3's absolute nature.     

Justice Enhanced: Framing an Opt-Out Class Action for England

This article contends that the absence of an opt-out class action remains a yawning gap within English civil procedure. Various recent reform proposals have favoured opt-in procedural vehicles as the way forward. However, key features of these proposals – an opt-in approach and the use of a representative claimant – are subject to considerable reservations in jurisprudence from both England and elsewhere. Following a critique of these features, the article proposes that an 'opt-out regime with brakes' should be introduced, taking into account both the requirement for proportionality under the Civil Procedure Rules, and the invaluable lessons provided by the established Commonwealth statutory class actions regimes.     

建构中国的警察比例原则

作为国家权力之重要组成部分,警察权的法治化运作乃公民基本权利之最有力保障,然而公民基本权利也面临来自警察权滥用的威胁。被誉为西方国家公法领域之“帝王条款”的比例原则起源于德国警察法,蕴涵着丰富的控权思想,对警察权的运作具有极强的监督与控制功能,并为实现行政目的与保障人权之间的平衡和防止警察自由裁量权的滥用提供了可操作的标准。因此,为保障人权,弘扬法治,应尽快确立我国的警察比例原则,从而实现对警察权的有效规制。     

刑法的困境与宪法的解答 规范宪法学视野中的许霆案

在许霆案的讨论中，刑法教义学所面临的尴尬处境只有通过宪法教义学的介入才能够得以消解，即必须反思刑法第264条特殊加罚条款的合宪性问题。在现代社会，相较于其他行业的法人组织，金融机构对于国民经济与社会的稳定繁荣而言更为重要。由此，在刑法上给予金融机构“适当的”特别关照应当被允许。但是，无论从比例原则还是从体系解释的角度看，为盗窃金融机构数额特别巨大的行为所设定的刑罚，在只限于死刑和无期徒刑这一点上，从立法目的的角度上已经难以充分说明，即为了达到立法目的超过了必要的限度，因此不能被认为是基于合理依据的差别对待。争议条款违反了宪法平等权规范，应属无效。