完善政府间转移支付制度实现农村基本公共服务均等化

完善政府间转移支付制度，应合理划分中央地方职权，提高一般性转移支付比例，做好专项转移支付的规范与清理工作，调整转移支付的类型结构。     

学生助学贷款的行政给付性质探讨

国家在教育领域的直接责任是不容置疑的,这种直接责任在助学贷款制度中体现为行政给付。因而必须解决目前助学贷款制度事实上存在的商业定位问题,明确其行政性。由政策性银行代表政府作为一方当事人与学生签订行政合同,利用行政合同的灵活性与合意性,辅以个人教育风险投资的方式,可以从理论上和实务上解决目前存在的诸多问题。     

优先级的确定以及支出令——香港海事诉讼程序中的最后阶段

考察了香港海事诉讼中海事请求权人对拍卖船舶后价款的受偿顺序这一重要的程序问题,指出这一问题的解决在香港主要是通过法官依据英国法律来认定而非由成文法令来规定,并具体分析了确定受偿顺序的一般原则、例外以及支付令的批准问题。     

保证金刍议

在法律对于保证金缺乏明确规范的背景下,探讨保证金的类型,对于备用金类型的保证金、预付款类型的保证金、租赁保证金、装修保证金、定金类型的保证金、保有返还请求权的保证金、无双倍返还效力的保证金分别界定,确定各自的法律效力,十分必要。     

The Impact of Deterrence Policies on Reckless Driving: The Case of Portugal

In this paper, we test the effect of three different criminal deterrence theory policy tools: criminal certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment. Whereas most criminal deterrence studies in this field focus on the former two components of deterrence theory, this study also examines the potential deterrent effect of the latter component. Using a time-series design with monthly data, we estimate the effects of an increase in the threat of punishment for traffic offenses resulting from a general increase in fines for traffic offenses, an increase in the probability of getting caught with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) level outside the legal limits, and the enactment of an “on-the-spot” fine payment policy in Portugal. We find strong evidence to support a severity effect. An increase in the statutory severity of sentence maxima for traffic violations leads to a decrease in accident and injury rates—approximately an average 0.5 percent reduction in monthly accident and injury rates. Changes in the BAC levels and the mandatory swift payment policy did not produce any convincing deterrence impact.

关于生态补偿正当性的思考——以受补偿主体行为的性质为视角

生态补偿实践以受补偿主体提供生态服务为前提,但是通过研究美国相关司法案例的发展史及其变化,发现受补偿主体的行为性质难以确定为“损害”或“增进利益”,“损害”和“增进利益”的区分没有统一的客观标准,不能成为生态补偿正当性的理论基础。生态补偿的正当性由社会条件决定,有其局限性。     

信用证欺诈例外在我国的司法实践

本文通过介绍我国有关信用证欺诈例外制度方面相关法律,结合我国司法实践现状,对我国在审理有关信用证欺诈案件中存在的问题进行较为详细的分析,并提出改进建议,以完善我国在信用证例外制度方面的立法和司法。     

财政转移支付结构调整困境及其人权再定位

为便于落实财政转移支付规范目标,我国将其分为一般性转移支付与专项转移支付,并分别予以功能定位。然而,受诸多因素影响,两类转移支付功能发挥产生混同与偏差,导致转移支付整体功能受限,转移支付结构调整陷入困境。对此,以结构视角分析,虽便于理解和说明,但需要注意到结构主义自身容易带有的对主体、环境及转移支付整体结构平衡的忽视这些局限,谨防将结构调整简化为增加一般性转移支付份量、减少专项转移支付份额到预设的比例。现有体制环境下,基于转移支付人权保障属性,有必要对转移支付结构进行人权维度再定位,为其整体功能圆满实现提供新的纠偏视角与规范途径。     

代物清偿制度的发现与构建

文章针对以物抵债这一在司法实践中常见的现象,通过制度梳理,发现其中的代物清偿规则,明确界定代物清偿的本质在于受领他种给付以清偿原负担的给付。他种给付的债的原因仍在于原来的债之关系。代物清偿合同性质上是一种诺成合同,而非要物合同。代物清偿不同于为了担保而给付,也不同于新债清偿。如果对于以物抵债协议的性质若有疑义,应遵循有利于债权人解释的规则,解释为新债清偿对债权人更为有利,所以,应解释为新债清偿。如果债务人依照约定,交付标的物,即可以发生清偿的效力,债之关系消灭。但如果所提供的标的物有物的瑕疵或权利瑕疵,债权人可以要求债务人承担瑕疵担保责任。债权人还可以请求回复到原债之关系上,并要求回复原债之关系上的担保等从权利。     

Exposure to School Bullying and Psychological Health in Young Adulthood: A Prospective 10-Year Follow-Up Study

Being bullied at school is strongly related to psychological health complaints at the same time point. Studies have also found long-term associations, but few have combined a prospective design with children’s own reports on bullying, and conducted gender-specific analyses. The present study assesses health consequences in young adulthood of self-reported victimization in adolescence using data from Child-LNU in 2000 and the follow-up in 2010 (including 63% of the original sample, n = 813). At ages 10–18 a clear cross-sectional association was found for both girls and boys. Among girls, exposure to bullying also predicted psychological complaints 10 years later, at ages 20–28 (OR = 2.86). This association was not explained by socioeconomic circumstances, neither in adolescence nor in young adulthood. Instead, it can partly be understood as victimization, among adolescent girls, being associated with negative self-image and psychological health as well as with deficits in social resources more generally.