《正当防卫指导意见》中的程序问题评析

《正当防卫指导意见》中关于程序问题的若干规范对于正确办理涉正当防卫案件意义重大。侦查机关在取证工作中,应当着重注意对于能够证明不法侵害行为存在证据的及时收集。公检法机关在依法公正处理涉正当防卫案件时,尤其应当认真听取辩护方意见,及时披露案件信息,回应社会关切。对属于正当防卫的案件应当及时作出不予追究决定。但对于防卫过当案件均应适用认罪认罚从宽制度的要求似乎不妥。对于陪审制的运用应扬长避短。在案件办理的不同环节均应注意释法析理,尤其应当注意在认定为正当防卫的案件中对被害人及其家属进行释法析理。在做好法治宣传教育工作中,既要教育公民自觉遵守法律,更要教育公民敢于拿起法律的武器,积极行使防卫权利。     

论认罪认罚从宽制度中“协商性基因”激活之路

认罪认罚从宽制度实质上是"协商性司法"的本土化表现,在两者机理存在交叠的条件下,探索该制度中内含的协商性要素便极具必要性,而探索的方向则是挖掘"协商性司法"与"对抗性司法"该两类模式间的联系。鉴于我国语境下的"协商"必然从"对抗"中萌芽,且对抗性司法又须以"以审判为中心"的刑事诉讼理念的落地为前提,因而,欲使该项制度就其附着的多元价值得到合理演绎,不仅需要与诉讼程序多样化的需求相适应,还应依照不同价值的特性适配以恰当的衔接机制。显然,审判中心诉讼格局的形成有可能为"重罪琐案"中控辩关系的重构加注推力,从而激活认罪认罚从宽制度中长期隐匿的"协商性基因"。     

“正当防卫”四十年:“于欢案”映射刑法第20条的修改

自1979年刑法颁布以来至今已整整四十年,"正当防卫"几经博弈甚至1997年刑法中的重大修改,但运行中仍然暴露出许多问题。尤其是山东"于欢案"的出现与发酵,透射着刑法第20条的亟待修改。通过对该案多层面的分析提出我国刑法中"正当防卫"立法上的一些缺陷与不足,包括对"不法侵害"的解读及修改,"明显超过必要限度"与"造成重大损害"的"绑定"关系,刑法第20条第1、2款"正当防卫"概念的歧义等。指出,"明显超过必要限度"应具有行为上的独立性与条件上的主导性,"造成重大损害的"应修改为"造成不应有重大损害的",建议在"正当防卫"与"防卫过当"之上增设"防卫行为"的上位概念,以厘定相关的刑法规制关系。     

《民法典》合同履行规则检视

合同履行制度处于整个合同法律制度的核心位置。相较于其他各国民法典，我国《民法典》合同编对合同履行规则的立法安排具有自身特点：“履行”的指向为“合同”而非“债之关系”，根据合同关系的发展过程规定“履行”，“不履行”被作为违约形态纳入“违约责任”一章。《民法典》合同编在《合同法》的基础上，对“合同的履行”作出优化法定补充规则、衔接不安抗辩权与预期违约、完善情势变更制度等实质性修改以及若干形式上的修订，同时增补了“绿色”原则、债的履行规则以及“涉他合同关系”之规范。《民法典》合同编对政府指导价格及政府定价的执行、不安抗辩权的构成、债权人原因所致债务人履行困难等规则的保留值得肯定，但“当事人变化对合同履行的影响”之规定则无必要。《民法典》合同履行规则的缺憾包括合同履行原则不合理、债的履行规则不完备、“涉他关系”之规范不适当等。     

Plea decision-making: the influence of attorney expertise,trustworthiness, and recommendation

ABSTRACT

Attorney recommendations influence defendant plea decisions; and the degree of influence likely rests on the perceived trustworthiness and level of expertise of the attorney (factors of source credibility). We explored attorney source credibility factors and how these characteristics influence defendants’ plea decision-making. MTurk participants read a hypothetical plea scenario and were asked to imagine themselves as the defendant in a DWI/DUI case making a plea decision; in the scenario, we manipulated the defense attorney’s level of trustworthiness, expertise, and plea recommendation. There was a significant interaction between attorney recommendation and trustworthiness on defendants’ plea decisions; participants who were advised to accept the guilty plea were more likely to plead guilty when the attorney was high in trustworthiness compared to low in trustworthiness. Attorney trustworthiness did not affect plea decisions for defendants advised to reject the guilty plea. Importantly, attorney trustworthiness affected defendants’ decision to follow the attorney’s recommendation and ultimate plea decision (regardless of expertise), and attorney expertise affected defendants’ confidence in their decision (regardless of trustworthiness). Results suggest individual-level characteristics of defense attorneys affect the influence of the attorney and their recommendation, and ultimately defendants’ plea decision-making.     

抵销抗辩既判力及其客观范围研究

民事诉讼中的抵销抗辩虽然衍生于判决理由,但具有特殊性,即被赋予了既判力。但其特殊性也就要求了抵销抗辩产生既判力的情形有所不同。同时,抵销抗辩产生既判力也存在范围区间的问题,即客观范围。通过类型化的梳理,抵销抗辩在经过法院按照确定的审理流程实体审理后在抵销额度内产生既判力,无论是否认还是认可抵销抗辩,均产生既判力。也应当赋予"诉求债权和反对债权同时存在"和"诉求债权和反对债权因抵销而消灭"这两种判断以既判力。     

女精神病人的性防卫能力鉴定

目的　研究女性精神病人性防卫能力的特点和司法鉴定中应该注意的问题 ;方法　对过去 1 0年间鉴定过的 64例案例进行回顾总结 ;结果　性防卫能力丧失最常见于年轻的衰退期青春型精神分裂症病人、中度以上精神发育迟滞病人、首次发病的年轻轻型躁狂症病人 ,而其他类型的精神病人不容易发生性防卫能力丧失。结论　严重的智能障碍和情感障碍对于精神病人的性防卫能力的丧失有决定性作用 ;而且 ,病人对性行为的控制能力障碍对精神病人性防卫能力丧失有重要影响作用     

见义勇为立法与学说之反思——以《民法通则》第109条为中心

见义勇为可以被定义,其是自然人在履行法定职责或特定义务之外,为保护国家、公共的或他人的利益,而与各种违法犯罪作斗争、抢险救灾的正义之举.在民法属性上,见义勇为呈现出多样性,与无因管理、正当防卫、紧急避险有紧密联系.对于见义勇为者与受益人之间的法律关系,应适用无因管理之债的规定,适用《民法通则》第109条反而会造成背离实质正义的尴尬结局.因此,《民法通则》第109条等规范应予废除.     

导弹防御与美国延伸威慑政策

对盟友提供的延伸威慑安全保证,是美国维持与盟友关系的重要基础。冷战时期,美国的延伸威慑主要通过核保护伞方式运作。为了应对冷战后新的安全环境,以满足新旧盟友的安全需求,美国开始通过导弹防御合作来提供对盟友的安全承诺与安全保证。这使得美国的延伸威慑从以核保护伞为核心,转变为核保护伞与导弹防御并重的模式。与盟友发展导弹防御合作关系,对美国的延伸威慑体系造成了一定程度的影响。其正面效益是,导弹防御合作使更多盟友能参与集体防务并贡献更多力量,还可增强盟友与伙伴的凝聚力和向心力,巩固美国的军事领导地位。但是,导弹防御系统仍然不具备绝对的可靠性和有效性,而且美国必须在以导弹防御合作促进延伸威慑方面投入更多的成本。如今,美国已开始加大力度,团结盟友进行新一轮的全球战略竞争。在此背景下,导弹防御延伸威慑模式的可持续性也将面临考验。     

Difficulties Confronted by ICSID Tribunals in Deciding International Investment Corruption Cases and Possible Solutions

The issue of corruption has attracted increasing attention in the study and practice of international investment law during recent years. After taking prudent consideration of the corruption defense invoked by the host states in some international investment arbitration cases involved with corruption, International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals accordingly determined the final awards. However, some parts of the arbitral jurisprudence aroused strong criticism, especially with regard to the ICSID tribunals’ reasoning that arbitrators have no jurisdiction over corruption-tainted international investments. The ICSID tribunals are legitimately supposed to exercise their jurisdiction and are lawfully obliged to probe into the nature of corrupt activities. The tribunals are strongly expected to adopt a balanced approach in deciding the merits and fairly weighing the obligations, rights, and interests of both disputing parties. It is preferable to strengthen the collaborative interaction between ICSID proceedings and domestic anti-corruption enforcement mechanisms when it comes to combating corrupt international investment activities. Existing international treaties (or specific treaty provisions) on combating corruption in international business transactions and calling for international cooperation, alongside domestic anti-corruption enforcement legislation, have actually laid solid legal foundations for the establishment of such an anti-corruption coordinative mechanism between ICSID and domestic corruption regulatory authorities on the global level.