Heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on problematic outcomes in early adulthood*

Violent victimization—particularly when it happens to young people—can inflict a wide array of negative consequences across the life course. Nevertheless, some victims are more likely to suffer these consequences than others, and we do not have a very good understanding of why that is. One promising avenue of research is to examine how individuals’ differential risks of being victimized affect the extent to which they experience negative outcomes. By using propensity score matching and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 8,323), in this study I estimate the heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on several problematic outcomes in early adulthood (violent and property offending, subsequent violent victimization, depressive symptoms, hard drug use, and low educational attainment). Individuals’ differential risks of adolescent violent victimization are estimated with a host of personal, social, and contextual factors, including prior experiences with crime and violence. The results show that the consequences of adolescent victimization in early adulthood are more pronounced for youth with the lowest risks of being victimized. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and they emphasize that the consequences of victimization cannot be understood separately from the sources of victimization.     

Unexpected Human Fatality Associated with Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Heat Treatment

Thermal insect treatments can be an effective method of controlling cryptic insect pests, particularly bed bugs, in residential settings. The treatments require high heat over a sustained timeframe. Residents are not present during treatment but return after completion. An unexpected death was investigated following heat treatment for bed bugs in the home of an elderly female, found with a postmortem axillary temperature of 106.2°F (41.2°C) approximately 8 h after returning home. The cause of death was classified as hyperthermia with a contributory cause of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. The manner of death was an accident. The decedent had medical history and medications that could have impaired her ability to dissipate heat. Furthermore, the air conditioning inside the residence was not functional following treatment. Recommendations including education regarding heat stroke and treatment, re‐entry timeframes, and/or temperature thresholds are suggested to reduce the risk of heat‐related injury or death in vulnerable populations.     

论社区矫正分级处遇机制的完善

我国社区矫正工作实践已普遍实行分级处遇,但还存在分级前过渡期性质不明、分级标准模糊、分级动态调整评估机制不完善、处遇等级之间的差异过小等缺陷。完善分级处遇机制有利于节约社区矫正行刑资源、增强社区矫正的激励性与威慑性、帮助社区服刑人员回归社会。为此,应当明确分级前过渡期的性质,规范分级评估,完善分级动态调整评估,增强不同处遇等级的差异,对未成年人分级处遇作出特殊规定。     

Mental illness in the eyes of the law: examining perceptions of stigma among judges and attorneys

In response to the increasing numbers of mentally ill persons placed under the care of correctional institutions, community-based diversion programs have been established to address the unique needs and challenges of this vulnerable population. Given that legal personnel may serve as gatekeepers in placement decisions, and the lack of existing research examining their attitudes toward offenders with mental illness, the present study aimed to evaluate perceptions of dangerousness and treatment need among a sample of judges, prosecutors, and public defenders across the state of Mississippi. While controlling for age, results of a factorial MANCOVA revealed that public defenders, relative to both judges and prosecutors, endorsed more compassionate attitudes about defendants with mental illnesses. Furthermore, political ideology did not significantly influence attitudes toward mentally ill offenders. While judges and prosecutors endorsed more negative stereotypes about mental illness and perceived mentally ill defendants as a greater risk to the community, mean scores across groups suggested moderately positive attitudes overall. Study limitations, implications for correctional mental health providers, and directions for future research are discussed.     

Predictors of re-offending in German substance-abusers in legal detention: a prospective population-based cohort study

This study aimed to evaluate whether the elapsed time after release to first re-offense is longer for those who complete coerced forensic addiction treatment than for those who fail to complete the treatment. It is also aimed to identify predictors of re-offending for both those who complete such treatments as compared with those who do not. Two hundred and sixty-one patients discharged from five German forensic addiction clinics were investigated on 65 anamnestic, socio-demographic, and therapeutic process variables. One hundred and fifty-one patients were prematurely discharged and returned to prison (group A; time at risk [TAR] = 58.7 months), 110 finished treatment successfully (group B; TAR = 44.2 months). Federal Criminal Register data were used for follow-up. Univariate survival analyses and multivariate stepwise Cox-regression models were computed. Twelve predictors in group A revealed a four-factor model: age at admission to treatment, duration of concurrent prison sentence, number of entries in the criminal register, and attendance at prior substitution programs. The model for group B covered five out of eight predictors: regular working activities before first diagnosis of mental illness, type of main offense, (secondary) traffic offenses, outpatient rehabilitation treatments, and escapes during treatment. Successful completers of forensic addiction treatment are slower to re-offend than non-completers.     

The impact of an intensive inpatient violent offender treatment programme on intermediary treatment targets,violence risk and aggressive behaviour in a sample of mentally disordered offenders*

This study examined the impact of an intensive inpatient violent offender treatment programme, Life Minus Violence-Enhanced (LMV-E), on intermediary treatment targets, risk for violence, and aggressive behaviour during treatment in a sample of male mentally disordered offenders. Using quasi-experimental design, offenders who completed LMV-E and a comparison group showed reduced problems with impulsivity and anger regulation and improvements in social problem solving. Aggregate risk for future violence lessened in both treatment and comparison groups, although by a significantly greater degree for the comparison group. The aggressive behaviour of both groups reduced. Completion of the LMV-E conferred additional improvements in some facets of social problem solving and anger regulation. Neither group showed improvements in empathic responses, coping skills or problematic interpersonal style. Overall, these results suggest anger regulation, impulsivity and social problem solving are most amenable to change, that reductions in certain facets of these dynamic risk factors transpires with nonspecific psychiatric inpatient treatment, but that the LMV-E, a cognitive behavioural violence specific psychological treatment, confers greater change in some facets of social problem solving and anger regulation.     

湿疹外洗方治疗湿热蕴肤型小儿湿疹临床观察

目的 观察湿疹外洗方治疗湿热蕴肤型小儿湿疹的临床疗效。方法 将70例符合纳入标准的湿疹患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组35例（对照组脱落3例,治疗组脱落2例）,治疗组采用湿疹外洗方治疗,对照组采用炉甘石洗剂治疗,连续用药2周,治疗前后对皮损面积、湿疹面积和严重度指数（eczema area and severity index, EASI）、湿热蕴肤证积分、瘙痒程度进行评价。结果 两组基于EASI的疗效、湿热蕴肤证疗效比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,基于瘙痒评分的疗效比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗组治疗后皮损面积和湿热蕴肤证积分降低程度明显大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 湿疹外洗方可以较好地缩小湿疹皮损面积,改善中医证候和瘙痒程度。     

推拿联合易筋经治疗神经根型颈椎病临床观察

目的 基于国医大师李业甫“治养并重”理论,观察推拿联合易筋经治疗神经根型颈椎病（cervical spondylotic radiculopathy,CSR）的临床疗效。方法 前瞻性收集60例CSR患者,依据其是否愿意接受易筋经习练分别纳入治疗组和对照组,两组各30例。治疗组患者在院接受推拿联合易筋经治疗,出院后1个月继续习练易筋经;对照组在院接受推拿治疗,出院后1个月无任何干预。分别于治疗前、治疗后、出院1个月后观察两组患者颈部肌肉弥散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging,DTI）参数、疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、颈椎功能障碍指数（neck disability index,NDI）量表评分,并于出院1个月后评定疗效。结果 与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者DTI参数中患侧胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion cofficient,ADC）值,VAS评分,NDI评分均明显降低,患侧胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）值均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗组胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌ADC值,头夹肌FA值,NDI评分改善程度均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。与治疗后比较,出院1个月后除对照组患者患侧胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌FA值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）外,两组患者胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌ADC值,VAS评分,NDI评分均明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且治疗组DTI参数、VAS评分、NDI评分改善程度均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗组临床疗效优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 “治养并重”理论指导下推拿联合易筋经治疗CSR可修复颈肌纤维、减轻疼痛、提高颈椎功能及临床疗效,较单纯推拿疗效更佳。     

戴宁论治睾丸鞘膜积液经验

介绍戴宁主任论治睾丸鞘膜积液的临证经验。戴宁主任认为睾丸鞘膜积液的形成是由于肝、脾、肾三脏的功能受损,导致水湿下注于下焦不能通过阳气气化,遂稽留成为湿邪。临证时以化水作为该病的治疗原则,依其在临床治疗的经验,提出将鞘膜积液该病分为肝郁水滞型、脾虚湿滞型、肾阳亏虚型、寒湿阻络型进行论治,依法选方,在治疗中取得了良好的效果,在临证中具有指导意义,应推广应用。     

我国工伤保险制度的重大发展与理念创新

《社会保险法》以及新《工伤保险条例》对我国工伤保险制度作了重大发展,扩大了工伤保险的适用范围,调整了工伤认定的范围,简化了工伤处理程序,提高了工伤待遇标准,增加了工伤保险基金的支出项目,减少了停止享受工伤保险待遇的情形,规定了工伤保险基金先行支付和追偿制度,规定了第三人侵权的工伤医疗费用支付,明确了工伤保险基金的统筹层...