政党制度优越性的比较

对不同类型政党制度进行比较 ,能帮助我们更好地认识中国政党制度的优越性。要进行比较就要有正确的比较方法和衡量标准 ,并满足进行比较的基本条件。在进行比较时要用历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的方法进行全面的客观的比较 ;在确定衡量标准时 ,最根本的是要从本国国情出发 ;立足本国实际是进行比较的基本条件。     

关于信息心理战的几个问题

信息心理战将作为独立的作战样式登上现代战争舞台.把握信息心理战概念,需要弄清信息与心理、信息心理战与传统心理战、信息心理战与信息战的关系.信息心理战的基本特征是基本武器是影响心理的有效信息;直接目标是敌方人员的心理及能力;主要路径是现代传输、传递与传媒技术;作战领域空前扩大.它的进攻方式包括造势心理战、网络心理战和宣传心理战;它的防御方式包括心理防护教育,反心战措施以及心理伤害的调节和恢复等.     

孙子“择人而任劳”辨正

人们历来把《孙子兵法·势篇》最后一段“不责于人,故能择人,而任势”中的“人”释为“力战”或“兵众”、“指挥员”,把“择”释为“选择”,这是错误的。本文通过训释字义及考察孙子关于“众寡之用”的关系、兵员多寡优劣与力量强弱的关系,提出了“择人而任势”是指撇除兵员数量多寡这个因素去使用“势”的新观点。     

住肉孢子虫病免疫学诊断方法的研究

本文以间接血凝试验(IHA)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、荧光抗体试验(IFA)、斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(Dot-ELISA)等4种免疫方法诊断水牛、黄牛和猪的住肉孢子虫病,检出率分别为77.6％(其中水牛为93.4％,黄牛为65.9％),96.1％(其中猪为59.2％,小牛及青年牛为71.4％,成年牛为97.5％),97.5％和97.8％。其中应用IFA、Dot-ELISA诊断家畜住肉孢子虫病,在国内尚未见有报道。试验表明,免疫学诊断技术是当前对家畜住肉孢子虫病进行生前诊断的主要方法。     

The case of the missing victims: Gunshot woundings in the National Crime Survey

National Crime Survey (NCS) data yield an estimate that 171,000 Americans were nonfatally shot in criminal assaults, robberies, and rapes for the period 1973–1979. Comparing this estimate with the number of firearms homicides during this period suggests either that the death rate in gunshot cases is very high (over 1/3) or that the NCS estimate is low. Based on police-generated data appropriate to estimating the true death rate from gunshot wounds, it appears that the NCS estimate is low by a factor of about 3.0 compared with the number of criminal gunshot woundings known to the police. It is common knowledge that survey-based estimates of assault rates tend to be relatively unreliable, a fact that has been attributed to problems with respondents being willing and able to recall threats, fist fights, and other minor assaults. The current result indicates that the estimation problem is not limited to minor assaults. There is reason to think that the underestimate of gunshot woundings is the result of problems with the NCS sample as well as problems with respondent cooperation.     

On the Robustness and Validity of Groups

In response to Nagin's comment on our paper, Methodological Sensitivities to Latent Class Analysis of Long-Term Criminal Trajectories, we reconsider the robustness and validity of group-based approaches to criminal trajectories and introduce additional issues for future research. We emphasize the limitations of typological approaches and the dangers of reifying the idea of distinct offender groupings for research and policy. We also clarify misunderstandings about the use of hierarchical linear models for studying trajectories of crime. Our basic conclusion is that methods in criminology need to be more tightly linked with theory.     

产品缺陷及认定标准比较研究

产品缺陷是产品责任构成不可或缺的要件,我国对产品缺陷的定义及其认定标准界定的不够科学,对此,应借鉴国外经验.是否存在不合理的危险应是产品缺陷定义的关键因素.产品缺陷的认定标准,应确立"两分法"标准,即根据情况,选择适用消费者期待标准,或者风险-效用平衡标准.     

发展民族社区经济方法探索--以可邑彝族生态文化旅游村项目为例

民族社区发展是一项复杂的社会实践活动,其核心是发展.通常的发展模式往往因忽略了社区成员的切身要求、自我意识及创造潜力而收效不甚明显.因此,西部大开发背景下的云南民族社区发展期待运作方法上的创新和突破.而来自可邑彝族村旅游发展项目的实践表明借鉴国际发展机构对欠发达地区实施的较为成功的参与性发展模式,结合云南实际,特别是民族社区独有的民族文化、传统习俗、生活方式,探索民族社区目标人群自身能力发掘及建设的方法,在项目实践中将理论上的民族文化的自信心、自觉性转化为村民的自觉行为,从而有效地解决传承民族传统文化与发展经济之间的矛盾,促进民族自身经济社会的协调发展,是切实可行的.     

如何使查缉战术教学更能出战斗力之管见

为响应公安部提出的：“向教育要警力,向教育要战斗力”的号召,目前各地公安院校都开设了查缉战术课。查缉战术课要贴近实战,要出战斗力就必须改革教学观念;改变教师知识结构,扩大知识面;加强校际交流,建立教学与实践结合机制;加强教学器材与设施建设。     

Juvenile Delinquency in Central European Cities: A Comparison of Registration and Processing Structures in the 1990s

The authors trace and compare the developments in recorded juvenile delinquency in Hamburg, Prague, Cracow and Budapest from 1991-1997 and then analyse the processing and selection procedures of the various justice systems. They devote special attention to ethnic minorities within this filtering process. The most salient feature is that the crime rates and processing structures in the former socialist countries display considerable similarities. It would almost be possible to speak of a specific type of criminal justice system with a typical form of reaction. While in the West, the large number of suspects is considerably reduced during later stages of selection to a much smaller number (those actually sentenced and/or imprisoned), what the authors call a funnel model, in the East a smaller number of suspected offenders enters this selection process, but tends to remain within it and be sentenced - the cylinder model. These procedural structures have changed little in the 1990s, and there has certainly not been any increasing alignment of the Eastern systems with the Western one. Indeed, the difference has, if anything, become greater. These lower crime statistics as compared with the West - represented here by Hamburg - are, however, not only the result of equally large discrepancies between the real crime rates, but in this regard the pro-active crime prevention measures of the police, which in Hamburg have caused the inclusion of an increased number of juveniles and foreigners in the crime statistics since 1995, have also had a great effect. The research project thus clearly demonstrates the importance of interpreting crime statistics neither as a true representation nor as a distorted reflection of the activities of a criminal justice system. Instead, these statistics should be seen as reflecting specific processing procedures and methods of crime control.