违约金功能定位的反思

基于对违约金约定数额过高会导致债权人不当得利之担心,违约金被解释为赔偿性,并允许债务人申请酌减。这样的解释并无逻辑与实质根据,赔偿性违约金并非恢复违约金约定实质自由的适合工具。从当事人意思自由出发,惩罚性违约金才是本来意义上的违约金,主要发挥履约担保的功能,是原给付义务,是主给付义务的从义务,而与作为损害赔偿额之预定的赔偿性违约金不同。因此,违约金的酌减规则不应仅考虑实际损害的大小,而应根据债权人的担保目的予以判断,由此形成当事人之间的实质平衡。     

旅游法上惩罚性赔偿的正当性分析--兼论旅游精神损害赔偿的可替代性

惩罚性赔偿是旅游合同违约损害赔偿的一个重大突破。鉴于精神损害在旅游合同中具有特殊地位,旅游惩罚性赔偿弥补了以往精神损害赔偿在违约责任中得不到支持的遗憾。结合旅游活动的自身特点,进一步探讨惩罚性赔偿与精神损害赔偿在旅游违约中的正当性、可替代性具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。     

Democracy and ‘punitive populism’: exploring the Supreme Court's role in El Salvador

El Salvador is characterized by the sad record of having one of the highest degrees of violence and crime in Latin America. Recent governments have tried to fight it with programmes called ‘mano dura’ or ‘super-mano dura’ with measures and practices that have often violated human rights and judicial guarantees. This paper aims to explore the Supreme Court's role in the application of these policies by the Salvadoran government. We discovered that the highest court in this country supports this kind of policies termed by some analysts ‘policies of punitive populism’. In this sense, the Constitutional Chamber acted in contrast to what is required by democratic theory. The paper proceeds as follows: in the first part we analyse the theoretical framework of public safety policies and frame the Salvadoran case. In the second part, we explore the Supreme Court cases that support (or not) these policies, examining the performance of the court in relation to these cases. The last part is a summary of our evidence.     

我国商业贿赂民事救济之不足及完善

商业贿赂破坏了我国公平的市场经济秩序,治理商业贿赂一直是我国市场建设的一部分,但是由于我国法律对于商业贿赂的治理,偏重于行政制裁与刑事制裁,缺乏有效的民事救济措施,民事责任的规定极少,而且缺乏操作性,这不仅使商业贿赂的受害者难以得到有效的赔偿,也让商业贿赂这种经济违法行为没有得到应有的经济制裁,所以我国应当完善我国现有法律对商业贿赂民事救济的规定,达到最为有效的治理效果。     

我国证券市场内幕交易的新趋势及其对策

近年来,我国证券市场内幕交易案件频发,呈现出内幕交易地域场所扩大化、内幕信息窃取手段科技化、内幕交易行为方式复杂化等新趋势。究其原因,实为证券法条文过于笼统,期货内幕交易规定尚属立法空白所致。对此,应建立证券法上的惩罚性赔偿制度,构建多主体间的连带法律责任制度,尽快出台具体可行的内幕交易司法解释,由内幕交易行为人设置专项赔偿基金。     

财产权损害的国家赔偿标准

《国家赔偿法》确立的抚慰性赔偿标准不能为财产权受到国家侵权行为损害的受害人提供全面的救济,应当适时修改《国家赔偿法》,确立补偿性原则,增加惩罚性赔偿,并对返还财产、恢复原状以及给付赔偿金等方式的具体适用标准进行修改完善。     

论惩罚性赔偿适用的扩张

惩罚性赔偿正在由侵权纠纷向侵权纠纷与合同纠纷并重的方向扩张。这种扩张有其理论基础和现实条件。我国司法实践也正在进行积极的探索,但具体制度尚待建构和完善。     

Experience Versus Expectation: Economic Insecurity,the Great Recession,and Support for the Death Penalty

Scholars have theorized that people who report past economic hardship and those who forecast future economic instability will be more likely to support punitive criminal justice policies than those who do not. Only recently have researchers begun to empirically examine this association, and the findings from this small literature have been highly inconsistent. The current study contributes to this line of inquiry by investigating a uniquely rich set of economic insecurity measures included in a very large national survey (N = 9,060) fielded during a time period of special theoretical salience: the Great Recession of 2007–2009. Specifically, using survey data from the Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project, we explore the effects of experienced and expected personal, vicarious, and societal economic insecurity on support for the death penalty. Contrary to the hypotheses, expectations of future economic insecurity are negatively associated with death penalty support, but this relationship is conditional on respondents’ demographics.     

德国法中痛苦抚慰金的惩罚性辨析——兼评我国《侵权责任法》第22条

当许多人还在笃信传统的公私法划分,而拒绝承认损害赔偿责任之惩罚性的时候,德国的司法实践却已经悄然偏离了这一信仰。文章以联邦最高法院的一系列判决为例,证明德国在人格权损害赔偿案件中已经引进了惩罚性,进而厘清作为惩罚性赔偿主要指标的侵害方因素。从这个角度出发,对我国的精神损害赔偿制度的惩罚性进行了比较研究,阐明了侵害人格权的精神损害赔偿具有惩罚性功能的必然性。     

论《食品安全法》中的新型民事责任

为降低消费者的维权成本与经营者的违法收益、提高消费者的维权收益与经营者的违法成本,《食品安全法》创设了集中交易市场开办者对消费者的连带责任、虚假代言人对消费者的连带责任以及10倍惩罚性赔偿责任。三类民事责任都有充分的法理依据,特定的构成要件,在司法实践中有可能引起相关争议。