Forensic Confirmation Bias: Do Jurors Discount Examiners Who Were Exposed to Task-Irrelevant Information?*†

Knowledge of task-irrelevant information influences judgments of forensic science evidence and thereby undermines their probative value (i.e., forensic confirmation bias). The current studies tested whether laypeople discount the opinion of a forensic examiner who had a priori knowledge of biasing information (i.e., a defendant's confession) that could have influenced his opinion. In three experiments, laypeople (N = 765) read and evaluated a trial summary which, for some, included testimony from a forensic examiner who was either unaware or aware of the defendant's confession, and either denied or admitted that it could have impacted his opinion. When the examiner admitted that the confession could have influenced his opinion, laypeople generally discounted his testimony, as evidenced by their verdicts and other ratings. However, when the examiner denied being vulnerable to bias, laypeople tended to believe him—and they weighted his testimony as strongly as that of the confession-unaware examiner. In short, laypeople generally failed to recognize the superiority of forensic science judgments made by context-blind examiners, and they instead trusted examiners who claimed to be impervious to bias. As such, our findings highlight the value of implementing context management procedures in forensic laboratories so as not to mislead fact-finders.     

The Impact of Cultural Values on Purchase Intention of Nostalgia Products:the Mediating Effect of Nostalgic Aesthetics

As the important issue in social science, there is a little empirical study in cultural values affecting with nostalgic product decisions. With the development of social cognition psychology, nostalgic aesthetic as a psychological state can be used immediately, and behavioral tendency may have an effect on consumer choice. In this paper, we established a research framework to measure the mechanism of mutual influence factors. This article focuses on the relationship the cultural values with consumer purchase intention on nostalgic product, and we tested that culture value as the independent variables has a direct effect on purchase intension of nostalgic products. In addition, we further examine the mechanism as a mediator of nostalgic aesthetic. Furthermore we use SEM and ANOVA analysis statistic tool verified by 258 questionnaires, empirical results showed that different cultural values have differences significantly. The differences of cultural value resulted in higher values of cultural heritage and nostalgic engagement. Therefore, we need to increase the element of nostalgia in to traditional products. More important, these effects uniquely applied to participants who own high on the nostalgia aesthetic. This is to say, cultural values was indirectly linked to heightened purchase intention through nostalgia aesthetic. Consumers are more apt to buy nostalgia products. In other word, nostalgia aesthetic as mediates variables, there is positive link between cultural values and purchase intentions on nostalgia product, and nostalgia aesthetic affected purchase intention for nostalgia products significantly different. The findings are discussed in light of created theoretical and practical implications for destination marketing and management.     

试论当前政府采购工作中存在的问题与对策

政府采购作为财政支出改革的重要内容之一,对于规范预算单位的采购行为,提高财政资金使用效益,从源头上遏制腐败现象的发生都具有重要意义。但是,由于我国政府采购工作还处于起步阶段,在预算编制、运行管理、规模数量、人员素质等方面仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。导致这些问题的原因主要有思想认识存在误区,法律法规不够完善,监督机制尚未健全,信息系统建设滞后。现阶段应采取相应对策,解决问题,进一步完善我国政府采购工作。     

从“确认”到“正名”:中国百年宪法的内在逻辑

从历史上看,自从1908年的《钦定宪法大纲》以来,先后颁布的众多中国宪法尽管千姿百态,但是,在这些宪法文本的背后,却包含着一个共同的特征:从确认到正名的内在逻辑线索。对中国百年宪法的内在逻辑而言,确认是起点,正名是终点。从这条内在的逻辑线索出发,有助于全面地解释中国百年宪法一系列的外在特征。     

浅议图书馆的网上采访工作

本文从不同的角度论述了网上采购工作的日常工作流程,以及网上采购工作的优势。网上采访工作已被提到图书馆日常采编工作的议事日程,是图书馆采编工作的大势所趋。     

论土地收购的法律性质

土地收购性质定位是明确政府或其委托的机构在行使土地收购过程中,其与被收购方所拥有的权利和义务。在评析已有观点如自由买卖关系、权利与义务关系和强制性买卖关系的基础上,提出一种新的思路:即土地收购究竟是民事法律行为,是行政行为,还是经济法律行为,最后将其定性为经济法律行为。     

知识产权确认不侵权之诉受理条件实证研究

实证研究表明,司法实践中知识产权确认不侵权之诉的受理存在"受理条件规定并未被完全采纳、侵权警告形式及认定标准多样化、催告行使诉权要件适用差异化、当事人适格的影响因素复杂化"的困境。确认利益诉讼要件地位模糊、对确认利益缺乏具体化运用、法律缺位导致司法解释越位、司法解释规定较为简单粗略是造成前述困境的成因。解决前述困境,应当以确认利益理论为支撑。明确确认利益是诉讼要件而非起诉要件、以纠纷解决手段妥当性视角筛选侵权警告形式、以纠纷解决成熟性视角修正书面催告程序、以被告选择妥当性视角明确适格的当事人,最终实现对此种诉讼受理条件的重构。     

行业性劳动争议调解效率体系的法规范分析

行业性劳动争议调解的效率体系是影响其运用机会与效果的重要方面，其效率价值的关键又在 于行业性劳动争议调解与司法确认、劳动仲裁审查的衔接。基于现行的规范体系，由于司法确认与仲裁审查两 套机制的差异性表现以及司法确认中并行规则的安排，导致程序法理混乱、程序正当性不足、审查标准不一， 进而在客观上减损了行业性劳动争议调解制度效率价值，这些问题与立法分散、程序价值定位不清晰密切相关。 解决以上问题，应当将程序同质化作为解决问题的基本导向，改革立法分散且位阶低的现状，推动司法确认程 序“二元化”格局向“一元化”转变，推动司法确认与劳动仲裁审查标准的一致性以及修正程序的价值追求。     

论我国《合同法》中买卖合同的价格问题

价格在一般的买卖合同中,都以清晰的方法表示,但随着商品贸易的发展,世界上大多数国家都承认价格不再是订立买卖合同的要件,允许买卖合同中标的物的价格待定。我国《合同法》也明确买卖合同中标的物的价格在一定时间内可以不予确定,但该法对买卖合同中价格问题的规定存在一定问题,有必要加以改进。我国合同法在规定价格问题时,可以调整总则与分则的内容,明确合同有效成立的内容要件。同时丰富确定价格的方法。