Threshold Concepts Through Enactive Learning: How Effective Are They in the Study of European Politics?

Studying European Politics can be a challenge! And this is not surprising: even the best scholarly minds of European politics often struggle to give precise definition to such a young, but already so complex and constantly evolving polity as the European Union, and are increasingly at odds with identifying its prospects for survival. One way to achieve a better understanding of the subject is to utilize a threshold concept approach, which is essentially a "less is more" approach that chooses to work with a few "founding" concepts, and identifies a "road map" for independent learning of broader but essentially inter-connected issues of the discipline. The threshold concept approach becomes even more effective if combined with enactive learning—that is, learning-by-doing, through role taking and simulation of the threshold concepts during seminars. Such learning evidently exceeds the boundaries of conventional knowledge and becomes a useful transferable investment for the future.     

应用40Hz听觉事件相关电位和听觉脑干诱发电位客观评定听阈的研究

目的探讨40Hz听觉事件相关电位(40Hz AERP)与听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)联合应用在法医学上的意义。方法 纯音测听结果可信86耳,分为听力正常组62耳,听力障碍组24耳。40Hz AERP用短纯音,刺激频率0.5kHz、1kHz、2kHz、4kHz。20耳进行自然睡眠及清醒两种状态下反应阈测定。ABR用短声(Click)。结果 86耳40Hz AERP引出率为97.67％,ABR为95.35％。听力正常组及听力障碍组40Hz AERP反应阈均较纯音测听气导主观听阈高,在不同的频率二者差值不同,两组差值的均值无显著性差异。四个频率40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈与主观听阈回归方程的r,前者分别为0.90、0.89、0.78、0.79,后者分别为0.54、0.58、0.60、0.83。自然睡眠状态Pa-Na波的波幅明显降低,反应阈值提高。用听力障碍组反应阈代入四个回归方程,预估值与实测值接近,差值小于20dB。结论 40Hz AERP可以客观反映言语频率范围(0.5～2kHz)的听觉状况,ABR可以客观评定高频范围的听阈;通过回归方程可以用40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈客观评定听力状况;联合应用40Hz AERP和ABR可以提高客观评定听阈的准确性。     

The equalization pattern and process of gender educational inequality in Taiwan： Some evidence for the threshold hypothesis

The existing literature on women＇s educational attainments and gender inequality in education excludes the pattern and process of gender educational equalization. In this research, we review the relevant literature first and then set hypotheses to be tested based on the different expectations of modernization theory and the threshold hypothesis. We have access to the 1990-2001 data files of the Taiwan social change survey and the 1950-2000 data files of the Statistical abstract of national income in Taiwan to obtain the information which is used in this research. We employ the bi-variate logistic regression model to estimate the net effect of gender on the likelihood that the subject completes his or her high school education or earns a degree from a college or a university from 1950 to 2000. Our empirical results show that, when compared with the educational attainments of men, the women＇s relative disadvantage in terms of educational attainment diminishes with economic development, but the extent of such a decline varies with the different levels of economic development and stages of educational expansion. This indicates that the equalization pattern of gender inequality in education is not linear, but rather ladder-like, and is consistent with the assumption of the threshold hypothesis. Furthermore, the equalization process of gender educational inequality differs according to socio-economic backgrounds. A boy with an upper class background is more likely to complete his high school education or obtain a degree from a college or a university than a girl with an upper class background, followed by a lower class male, and a lower class female, respectively.     

应用多元逐步回归分析建立ART推算PTT的数学模型

既往国外文献报道用ART推算PTT，但结果差异较大。选择正常听力和感音神经性聋的400例大样本，将全部有关数据用Foxbase数据软件建立相应数据库，再运用SPSS数据分析软件包中多元逐步分析程序，建立了用纯音ART和WNART推算PTT的数学模型。经配合适度和偏回归系数等显著检验（P＜0．00001），且新建方程的准确率和可信性较过去方法为好。年龄、轻度中耳阻抗异常对推算准确性无显著影响。作者认为，新建数学模型可作为法医听力学评定中常规方法。     

入声字的读音规律及其在语文教学中的运用

中国古代诗词特别讲究音韵、声调和节奏的美感。但是,现在用普通话读古诗词有很多不押韵或节奏不和谐之处,客观上造成了对古诗词美感的破坏。这是由于历史的变迁,古代以中原音韵为官话通用语言的发音系统,现在被普通话语音所取代。中原音韵中的平、上、去、入四声,变为普通话中的阴、阳、上、去四声。其中,入声字的读音规律对古诗词的解读影响极大,尤其应引起语文教学者的注意。为使中华民族的优秀文化得以继承、流传和发扬,语文教学中应该注意对此种现象的讲解。     

不同听力水平听性稳态反应阈值与纯音测听阈值比较

目的探讨不同频率下不同听力水平的听性稳态反应（auditory steady-state responses,ASSR）阈值与纯音测听（pure tone audiometry,PTA）阈值的关系。方法对听力正常的志愿者及不同听力水平的感音神经性聋的志愿者共86例（172耳）,分别行PTA及500、1000、2000和4000Hz的ASSR,得出PTA阈值及ASSR阈值（单频刺激）。比较不同频率（500、1000、2000、4000Hz）下不同听力水平组（≤20、21～39、40～59、60～79、≥80dB）的ASSR阈值与PTA阈值之间的关系。结果各频率的ASSR阈值与PTA阈值均具有良好的相关性。但各频率下不同听力水平校正后的校正值均高于PTA阈值。结论应用ASSR阈值进行听阈级评估时需要进行校正,ASSR检测技术可以用于听力障碍法医学鉴定听阈级评估。     

A THRESHOLD MODEL OF COLLECTIVE CRIME

The group nature of offending has been recognized as an inherent characteristic of criminal behavior, yet our insight on the decision to engage in group crime is limited. This article argues that a threshold model offers broad appeal to understand this decision. After discussing the basis of this model and its applicability to collective crime, we offer one example of the kind of research that could stem from this model. Specifically, by using survey data from 583 university students, this study asked respondents to self‐report thresholds for group theft and destruction of property. By experimentally manipulating characteristics of the hypothetical scenario used to measure thresholds, we investigated both the individual‐ and situational‐level correlates of these self‐reported thresholds. The discussion considers the results that emerge from a Tobit regression model and offers suggestions for future research that would provide further refinement of the threshold model.     

理性但不自由的良善意志——康德良善意志观的悖论解析

康德穿越了是与应当、认知与欲求的界限,强调人是目的的良善意志只以纯粹理性为根据,却不包含任何感性因素。结果在积极彰显不坑害人的素朴伦理常识的同时,不仅掏空了良善意志得以存在的事实性基础,而且也扭曲了其设定底线的规范性功能。最终在反讽性的自败悖论中,将这种自由意志变成了只服从必然义务,却难以从心所欲,因此也缺乏自由的抽象逻辑法则。     

海安话轻声前字连读变调的制约条件和优选论分析

海安话的"非轻声字 轻声字"结构中前字连读变调有不同的表现,使用莫拉概念可以更直观准确地表征其声调特征.轻声字获得了前字毗邻的声调特征,前字右侧特征向右迁移至轻声,留下空位莫拉,空位莫拉的填补主要依靠前字起点声调特征的向右延展.在优选论的框架内,提出海安话的两类8条制约条件及其层级排列,使得非轻声的前字变调和轻声的后字调值的获得得以在统一的模式中进行解释.     

生产销售伪劣产品罪若干问题探讨

生产销售伪劣产品罪的犯罪对象,包括一般和特定的伪劣产品,但不包括铜矿和建筑工程。生产销售伪劣产品和特定伪劣商品结果犯中的单纯生产行为不能独立成罪,多环节的销售行为均构成犯罪,但购买行为应当按不同情况分别处理。伪劣医用器材明知而购买并有偿地使用于他人,造成严重危害的,以销售不合标准的医用器材罪定罪处罚是合理的。