以博弈论视角探究侦查讯问中供述的自愿性

新《刑事诉讼法》已经颁布实施,其中规定的“不得强迫任何人证实自己有罪”被许多学者认为具有里程碑的意义。但是出于追诉犯罪的需要,侦查机关不可能在讯问中放弃获取犯罪嫌疑人供述的努力,而犯罪嫌疑人出于自身利益的考虑,也不可能毫无阻抗的供述自己的犯罪行为,在这样一对矛盾体中,如何在不违反法律规定的情况下获取犯罪嫌疑人的供述就成为侦查机关在讯问中首要关心的问题。     

False confessions: The relative importance of psychological,criminological and substance abuse variables

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the relative importance of psychological, criminological, and substance abuse variables in differentiating between alleged false confessors and other prison inmates. The participants were 509 inmates newly admitted to all Icelandic prisons over a four-year period. Sixty-two (12%) of the inmates claimed to have made a false confession to the police sometime in the past. A discriminant function analysis was used to identify the variables that best discriminated between the alleged false confessors and the other prison inmates. Out of 17 psychological variables and 16 criminological and substance abuse variables, two variables (number of previous imprisonments and the score on the Gough Socialisation Scale) correctly classified 93% of the non-false confessors and 32.3% of the alleged false confessors, with a total classification rate of 82.7%. The findings suggest that among Icelandic prison inmates, antisocial personality characteristics and the extent and severity of criminal behaviour, as judged by number of previous imprisonments, are the best predictors of offenders claiming to have made a false confession to the police. The implication is that among some prison inmates, making a false confession is a part of their criminal life style.     

Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings on criminal defendants' right to counsel

The Supreme Court of Canada recently issued a trilogy of decisions pertaining to suspects' right to legal representation. These rulings further a major difference between the US and Canadian law: Canadian criminal suspects have far less access to legal counsel than suspects in the USA. This paper summarizes these decisions and draws comparisons between Canadian and the US criminal procedure with respect to a suspect's rights to legal representation. We present preliminary data on Canadian citizens' misunderstanding of criminal suspects' right to counsel and also Canadian legal professionals' opinions about the right to counsel. We recommend empirical investigation of the hypothesis that Canadian suspects are more likely than the US suspects to make false confessions.     

强迫——屈从型虚假供述的心理学解读

强迫——屈从型虚假供述是警察审讯室中出现较多的虚假供述类型,也是造成冤假错案的罪魁祸首。其产生与犯罪嫌疑人的服从、受暗示性和本能的生存需求紧密相关,但更多的是警察的强迫审讯策略所致。赋予犯罪嫌疑人审讯阶段辩护权并建立合理的讯问规则是减少审讯室中强迫——屈从型虚假供述的有效对策。     

论“刑讯逼供”的解释与认定——以“两个《证据规定》”的适用为中心

为遏制刑讯逼供,我国构建了非法证据排除规则,但非法证据排除规则正确适用的前提,是对"刑讯逼供"一词作出准确而允当的解释。"刑讯逼供"本系我国立法上之用语,国际上更为通用的是"酷刑"一语,而目前,对"酷刑"最权威的定义,来自联合国《反酷刑公约》,根据条约神圣的原则,依据《反酷刑公约》对酷刑的定义来解释刑讯逼供,基本是可行的。在司法适用上,解释和认定刑讯逼供,还应当注意根据具体个案进行具体判断。对于药物和催眠审讯,药物审讯应当认定为刑讯逼供,催眠审讯在征得犯罪嫌疑人同意的前提下可用,但不得作为定案根据。营救式刑讯逼供的合法性也应当予以否定。     

从外部遏制力量缺陷看警察刑讯逼供的生成

作者从法律规范、检察院、法院、犯罪嫌疑人、辩护律师、社会舆论等方面探究了刑讯逼供外部遏制力量的缺陷,进而以刑事诉讼构造、刑事诉讼目的、国民性格等角度深入挖掘了形成这些缺陷的根源。     

论沉默权与如实供述义务

本文以实体真实与程序公正 ,公平与效率 ,控制犯罪与保障人权 ,法学理论与法律实践等矛盾冲突的价值观念入手 ,对我国实行沉默权的利与弊作了客观、深入的分析。并由此得出结论 ,目前 ,我国仍不应实行沉默权制度。当务之急是完善我国目前实行的如实供述义务制度     

刍议刑讯逼供

本文分析了刑讯逼供的危害和原因 ,并由此提出了防范和遏制刑讯逼供的对策。