起诉抽象行政行为:行政相对人和人民检察院谁更适合?——关于行政诉讼法修改建议的一点探讨

将抽象行政行为即行政规范性文件纳入司法机关的审查范围,业已成为学界有关行政诉讼法修改的共识。但是,由于检察机关在国家政权体制中的地位和作用以及检察权的性质等因素,由人民检察院作为规范性文件的起诉原告,并不合适。相比较而言,赋予公民个人等其他行政相对人起诉行政规范性文件的原告资格,更为合适。在确保行政相对人优先起诉规范性文件权利的同时,还须进行一些必要的制度设计,以防止诉权的滥用。     

公安教育体制改革背景下对文件检验教学工作的思考

文件检验课程是公安院校根据实战的需要为刑事科学技术和刑事侦查专业开设的公安业务主干课,该门课程具有较强的应用性、极强的经验性。在当前公安院校招录体制改革背景下,文件检验课程需要引入先进教学技术和理念,提高教学效果,根据公安实战的需要,增加实践教学项目,完善实践教学考核体系。     

Characteristics of cybercrimes: evidence from Chinese judgment documents

ABSTRACT

China has witnessed a rapid growth in internet use alongside an unprecedented increase in cybercrimes. Although studies have suggested that there are many factors that may contribute to the growing number of cybercrimes, such as the widespread use of online gaming, the low average income of internet users, and an increased access to IT skills, systematic analyses of actual convictions are rare. As the level of domestic cybercriminal activities increases rapidly, there is a growing call for empirical studies on cybercrime in China.

Through the extraction of data from China Judgements Online, the newly released Chinese judgements service, this study examines the basic characteristics of cybercrimes in China by analysing 448 sentencing documents that cover four types of computer crimes: online frauds, real asset theft, virtual asset theft, and stolen accounts. We analyse cybercrime cases from the perspective of the underground economy, focusing on the roles that cybercriminals play in the value chains of the online underground market; more specifically, what kind of products and services are enabled through cyber theft, and how those products and services are integrated as components of the underground economy.     

The Capability of Raman Microspectroscopy to Differentiate Printing Inks

This study applies Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate the chemical components in printing inks of different brands, colors, and type using the 532 nm and 785 nm excitation wavelengths. Spectra were collected from 319 inks (78 inkjet, 76 toner, 79 offset, and 86 intaglio) representing various colors. Comparisons were performed to calculate discrimination capability percentages for each ink type. Overall, Raman microspectroscopy differentiates according to the following hierarchy: intaglio (96%), inkjet (92%), offset (90%), and toner (61%). The ability of Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate between same‐colored inks from different brands was dependent on the color and ink analyzed. Based on ink color, the discrimination capability ranged from 75 to 94% (inkjet), 0 to 86% (toner), and 0 to 77% (offset). Copper phthalocyanine was detected in cyan inks and various intaglio inks, while carbon black was identified in black inkjet, offset, and intaglio inks.     

Experimental Research on Class Identification with a New Type of Erasable Gel Pens

A new type of erasable gel pen ink is becoming increasingly popular because of the modifiable characteristics for writing on documents. This study attempts to distinguish 12 types of blue and black erasable gel pens produced by mainstream stationery manufacturers using infrared (IR) visual analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, fluorescence analysis, and microspectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that IR visual, FTIR, and fluorescence analysis can be used to help distinguish each type of erasable gel ink. While microspectrophotometry can be used to effectively differentiate the blue gel inks in this study, there are limitations with respect to distinguishing black erasable gel pens. When these four optical analyses methods were used in combination, the gel inks could be accurately distinguished.     

Visualising the past – An evaluation of processes and sequences for fingermark recovery from old documents

This study aimed to collect data on the effectiveness of most of the fingermark visualisation reagents currently used on porous surfaces on fingermarks aged for up to 90?years, significantly extending the timescales for which such information exists. A limited subset of the variables associated with processing of old fingermarks was explored, with a focus on the use of 1,8 diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), 1,2-indandione, ninhydrin, and physical developer. These techniques were used in sequence on batches of cheques between 11 and 32?years old, and on documents dating from the 1920s and 1940s. The potential for applying a physical developer enhancement process (blue toning) as the final step in the sequence was also explored. The benefits of using processing sequences on porous items were clearly demonstrated, with all processes in the sequence adding value in terms of additional marks found on the cheques up to 32?years old. In addition, physical developer was found to be capable of developing fingermarks up to 90?years old, whereas the amino acid reagents appear less effective on documents of 70?years and older. An experimental physical developer formulation with reduced environmental impact was found to be as effective as the existing process in these experiments. Blue toning was found to visualise an additional 10–25% of marks, and its wider use after silver-based deposition processes is recommended based on the evidence from this study.     

一起局部伪造文件案的检验

局部伪造文件即在原有真实文件的基础上,利用原文件的真实签名、印文或对自己有用的内容,将原文件的局部内容进行改造。伪造采用擦刮、消褪、挖补、拼凑、换页、添写、改写等方法和手段。在实际工作中,可能会遇到特殊的伪装文件如本案例的全部刮擦换页等多种伪装方式结合进行伪装,所以作为合格的文件检验工作者,要结合案情,具体问题具体分析对待,才能得出正确的结论。     

"六山六水"民族调查中的民族历史文献:关于本土的历史民族志

通过对 2 0年来田野调查所收录的民族历史文献的梳理 ,归纳了民族历史文献的特征 ,以及它对于民族学在贵州的本土化具有的重要价值     

对以“件”为单位进行档案立卷的几点认识

以“件”为单位立卷方法与传统立卷方法在卷内文排列、利用检索、案卷保护、档案现代化管理等方面的比较,传统立卷方法存在的弊端,推行以“件”为单位的立卷方法给档案工作带来效率;以“件”为单位的新的立卷方法的推行需要解决新问题和加强工作。     

论公安强制措施报告类法律文书理由的写作

公安强制措施报告类法律文书理由的写作要求，理由要概括、精炼；理由要充分、具有说服力；理由要按照法律规定进行阐述；阐述理由的角度要正确。