利用数字图像处理技术伪造文件的研究

介绍了利用数字图象处理技术剪贴伪造文件、变造签名、彩色打印伪造原始印文和签名等三种伪造文件的方法及其特点.数字图象处理技术能够克服许多传统伪造方法的"缺点",使伪造的文件达到较高的逼真度.讨论了数字图象处理技术的滥用引发的新问题.     

Identification of document paper using hybrid feature extraction

Document forgery is a significant issue in Korea, with around ten thousand cases reported every year. Analyzing paper plays a crucial role in examining questionable documents such as marketable securities and contracts, which can aid in solving criminal cases of document forgery. Paper analysis can also provide essential insights in other types of criminal cases, serving as an important clue for solving cases such as the source of a blackmail letter. The papermaking process generates distinct forming fabric marks and formations, which are critical features for paper classification. These characteristics are observable under transmitted light and are created by the forming fabric pattern and the distribution of pulp fibers, respectively. In this study, we propose a novel approach for paper identification based on hybrid features. This method combines texture features extracted from images converted using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) approach and a convolutional neural network (CNN), with another set of features extracted by the CNN using the same images as input. We applied the proposed method to classification tasks for seven major paper brands available in the Korean market, achieving an accuracy of 97.66%. The results confirm the applicability of this method for visually inspecting paper products and demonstrate its potential for assisting in solving criminal cases involving document forgery.     

Rapid and non-destructive approach for characterization and differentiation of sealing wax using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Sealing wax is used for maintaining the integrity and authenticity of a document or physical evidence. Any tampering with the seal calls into question the overall integrity and authenticity of the tangible evidence or document. In these circumstances, determining the authenticity of the sealing material (physical and chemical) becomes imperative. In this study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy supported by chemometrics has been used to differentiate sealing wax samples belonging to 12 different brands available across India. All the samples were first melted, cooled, and then analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region (4000–600 cm⁻¹). The obtained spectra were first examined visually for the presence of different functional groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) were employed to analyze the sample clustering patterns and to categorize them into their respective groups, respectively. For classification, a PCA-LDA training model was applied, and it demonstrated 95.83% accuracy. The validation test resulted in an accuracy of 83.33%. PCA-LDA model offered 100% accurate prediction for samples on various substrates, including cloth, cardboard, and paper. A blind study was also performed using five unknown samples, which were accurately classified into their respective groups. PCA-LDA model will be helpful in providing investigative leads by linking a questioned sealing wax sample with its respective group.     

旧题新证:先秦“狱”“讼”的法律语用演变——以出土法律文献为视角

《周礼》郑玄注云"狱"、"讼"分别指称"争罪"和"争财",但从出土法律文献视角通贯考察"狱"、"讼"二词在法律用语层面的语用,可以发现先秦时期的"狱"、"讼"二词并没有用于区分"争罪"和"争财",在法律用语层面上官府审案多称"狱",民间诉争则曰"讼",都是指称"案件"。郑玄注实是汉人以"汉今"律"周古"而得出的结论,以郑玄注为据而断定西周时的诉讼程序即刑民有分,于史实无证。     

文件形成时间鉴定的统计学方法初探

文件形成时间的鉴定问题一直是文书鉴定领域最具争议和挑战的疑难问题．尤其是如何利用文件要素与时间的关系,定量分析判断文件的形成时间。通过对一起印章印文盖印时间鉴定的实际案例,探讨了如何运用统计学方法定量分析印章印文阶段性特征中的定量特征与印文盖印时间之间关系,为印章印文盖印时鉴定提供一种定量分析的方法,也为如何进一步运用统计学方法定量分析文件形成时间的类似问题提供了一种研究思路。     

规范性文件制定过程中的法律风险及其防范

规范性文件制定主体在制定规范性文件时面临因操作不规范、制定内容不合理或者有其他不符合法律规定情形的法律风险。因此。规范性文件制定过程中存在因法律风险而带来的责任承担问题。要防范规范性文件制定中的法律风险,必须具备制定主体适格、内容合法合理、程序正当等基本要件。     

金融凭证诈骗罪疑难问题探析

金融凭证指银行及银行类金融机构依法办理银行业务所使用的结算凭证;伪造、变造的金融凭证除形式要件虚假之外还包括有权制作人或无权制作人违法制作不实内容、形式要件真实的金融凭证。"使用"只指直接兑现金融凭证记载的财产权利,不包括用其质押、展示等间接使用。使用作废金融凭证或只是冒用他人真实有效的金融凭证诈骗不构成金融凭证诈骗罪。采盗窃、抢劫、抢夺等手段获真实有效金融凭证冒用取财以其手段行为定侵犯财产罪。内外勾结利用职务之便使用伪造、变造的金融凭证取财应以主犯人身份构成的罪名定性。     

Dating of Seals Produced with Stamp‐Pad Ink Using Gas Chromatography Method

Seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, thirty‐seven different brands of stamp‐pad inks and three different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. The volatile components of stamp‐pad ink were determined, and the stamp‐pad ink was classified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Calibration curves were created to show the relationship between the content of volatile stamp‐pad ink components and the age of stamp‐pad ink entries stored under natural aging, UV‐induced aging, and heating aging conditions. The experimental results showed that GC was useful in the analysis of stamp‐pad ink and applicable for determining the relative age of stamp‐pad ink entries in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 3 months.     

论地方人大常委会对地方“两院”规范性文件备案审查的正当性

地方法院和检察院制定的规范性文件是否应纳入同级人大常委会规范性文件备案审查范围,争议已久。目前对地方“两院”规范性文件采取的内部监督方式,无疑缺乏刚性和公信力。地方人大常委会对同级地方“两院”规范性文件备案审查的正当性一方面基于它的权利属性,另一方面也不存在所谓个案监督、干涉司法权独立等情形。     

Evaluation of photometric stereo and elastomeric sensor imaging for the non-destructive 3D analysis of questioned documents – A pilot study

Photometric Stereo and Elastomeric Sensor Imaging were assessed for measuring the 3-dimensional (3D) morphology of questioned document samples. Photometric stereo is shown to be a powerful non-contact technique for revealing micron level detail of the samples examined. Elastomeric Sensor Imaging is shown to complement photometric stereo by yielding equivalent results. Additionally, this technique allows quantification of the morphological depth information. The techniques were applied to 2 different types of questioned document sample. Firstly, written signatures were examined. Both techniques were able to reveal characteristic features that could be used to infer stroke direction and ink line application sequence. Secondly toner/ink intersections were examined. Both techniques allowed visualisation of 3D features which were used to infer the sequence of application.