监狱文化：一个概念,三种理解

经过30余年发展,监狱文化已经成为中国特色监狱理论的重要组成部分。对于监狱文化的概念,理论界的理解并不一致。从理论发展看,监狱文化从提出之初就有着明确的价值取向,担负着参与改造罪犯的历史使命,因此,从监狱主流文化的角度来理解和建设监狱文化,是一条合理的路径。在当前的监狱文化建设和理论研究中,必须保持适当的＂边界感＂,这...     

职务犯罪亚文化功能探析

职务犯罪亚文化的功能不仅是解释个人加入职务犯罪亚文化群的原因,也是联接个人、群体、社会的纽带,还是连结职务犯罪亚文化形成理论和传播理论的桥梁。但是,我国现有犯罪学理论对它的研究还比较薄弱,不仅没有功能对象的区分,也少有功能性质的辨别。因此,我们将在分析功能概念的基础上对职务犯罪亚文化的功能依不同对象和性质进行分析。     

监狱亚文化:概念、性质和范畴——以孙平教授的《监狱亚文化》为基点

监狱亚文化是与监狱主流文化相伴而生的文化,是一种存在于罪犯之间的隐性文化现象,是以低层次性为主体的庸俗文化。监狱亚文化是服刑罪犯适应监狱生活环境的生存文化,是罪犯创造的自我的"合理"文化。监狱亚文化是监狱与社会以罪犯为媒介信息交流的文化。     

PREDICTING THE VIOLENT OFFENDER:THE DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF THE SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE*

This study tests the extent to which an adherence to the subculture of violence uniquely predicts a tendency to favor violence or instead predicts a more generalized offending repertoire, of which violence is part. Specifically, we use a unique analytic technique that provides the opportunity to distinguish empirically between the “violent offender” and/or the “frequent offender.” The results suggest that holding values favorable toward violence consistently predicts general offending but do not identify youth who systematically favor violence over nonviolence. This discussion considers the impact of these findings for the continued utility of the subculture of violence perspective.     

论黑社会的基本内涵与刑事政策

黑社会是指以从事违法犯罪活动为基本手段 ,非法控制一定区域或行业并与主流社会相对抗 ,从而具有自己独特的文化传统和管理制度的犯罪组织。其基本特征大致可以概括为以下六个方面 :一是非法控制社会性 ;二是稳定成熟的犯罪组织性 ;三是地域性及地缘感 ;四是不择手段获取经济利益性 ;五是严苛“黑色法制”与科层制 ;六是鲜明的犯罪亚文化。在刑事政策上 ,应针对现行法律在惩治黑社会犯罪方面所存在的不足 ,重点完善有关惩治黑社会犯罪的刑事实体法和程序法规定 ,加强国际刑事司法协助与合作。     

Skinhead culture: the ideologies,mythologies, religions and conspiracy theories of racist skinheads

ABSTRACT

Groups of racist skinheads now constitute a significant element of the global radical right. The British youth subculture of the late 1960s has thus been transformed into a worldwide social movement, the violent cutting-edge of white supremacist resistance to multiculturalism. Pollard examines the historical development of the racist skinhead phenomenon and, in particular, analyses the origins, nature and development of the ideas that inspire it: the foundational myth; ‘skinhead, a way of life’; Odinism or paganism; the skinhead as victim; skinheads as a vanguard of white, male, working-class revolutionaries; National Socialism and antisemitism; and, above all, racialism.     

Commercial graffiti: self-expression,the allure of danger,or graffiti made “pretty”?

The visual stylistic elements of graffiti are increasingly being used in the commercial world of advertising and marketing, as backdrops for music videos, and in merchandise and packaging. This market-oriented graffiti constitutes the mainstreaming of a subculture, that is, selling the stylistic subcultural elements as a new fad. Subsequently, commercial graffiti has been criticised for undermining the essence of real graffiti as the very aspect it seeks to oppose is now served, and in the process graffiti is robbed of its resistance identity. This article engages critically with this view by enquiring how Johannesburg commercial graffiti writers make sense of their commercial graffiti work. In a qualitative study, 11 commercial graffiti writers, who are engaged in small commercial contracts or who are freelancing for well-established consumer brands, and full-time graphic designers, were interviewed. Reoccurring themes that arose included self-expression and simplifying graffiti styles to be more accessible and “pretty” for general public consumption. Albeit in a different way, the recognition the graffiti writers gained from the public through their commercial work echoes some elements of the recognition gained through graffiti crews. Probably the most astounding finding of the study is that they felt that the commerciality of graffiti is simply a temporary phase that will eventually fade.     

Gangs,Gender, and Violent Victimization

Gang scholars have recently turned their attention to a unique and underdeveloped line of inquiry: the victimization of gang members. However, the gang-victimization link remains unclear, especially in terms of how gang men and women are violently victimized in different—or similar—ways. Using a sample of 2,345 adult jail inmates incarcerated in Florida (ages 18–84), this study explores the role of gender in terms of (1) the forms of violent crimes gang members experience more than nongang members, (2) who victimizes gang members, and (3) if gang members’ risky lifestyles explain victimization risk. Findings reveal more similarities than differences among gang men (n = 300) and women (n = 53). Gang men and women are generally victimized by the same violent crimes, and while the offenders who target gang members vary, there are no significant gender differences. Female gang members were significantly more likely to be sexually assaulted by members of their own gang and nonmembers (compared to members of rival gangs). The gang-victimization link remains significant for both men and women even after accounting for demographic characteristics, gang membership, and risky lifestyles—including violent offending.