When a Man Meets a Woman: Comparing the Use of Negativity of Male Candidates in Single- and Mixed-Gender Televised Debates

Much work has been done to analyze the consequences of the increasing representation of women in politics. Usually, this research compares male and female politicians from a female perspective. For instance, many studies in political communication investigate how and why female candidates show campaign styles similar to or different from their male colleagues. In contrast to this, few studies are interested in how men change their behavior when women enter the political arena. Some of these studies have demonstrated that men limit their negativity when confronted with female candidates. Unfortunately, these analyses focus predominantly on (a) the United States and (b) gender differences in campaign advertising. We seek to provide empirical evidence for non-U.S. campaigns from the most important single campaign events: televised debates. To do so, we analyze data covering all German televised debates broadcast since 1997 where male politicians participated in a two-candidate single- or mixed-gender debate. Our results indicate that the gender of the political opponent affects incivility but not the use of attacks in general. In mixed-gender debates there is less incivility. However, differences in the treatment of male and female opponents tend to decline over time. We conclude that female candidates transform campaign communication—not only because they communicate differently from men, but also because they influence male politicians’ political communication.     

The Impact of the Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 on Anti-Islamic Hate Crime

Abstract

Using existing data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, time series analyses were conducted on hate crime data from 2001 around the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. A statistically significant increase in anti-Islamic hate crime occurred after 9/11, and anti-Islamic hate crime leveled off within 8 weeks of the occurrence. News stories reporting anti-Islamic hate crimes, stories reporting fear of such bias crime, and public calls for calm, tolerance, and/or reaction to anti-Islamic bias crime followed a similar pattern found within the official data. A city-by-city analysis found that UCR reported anti-Islamic hate crime was essentially non-existent in New York City and Washington, DC. It is suggested that public calls for calm and tolerance and in-group/out-group dynamics may have impacted anti-Islamic hate crime frequency, thus accounting for rises and reductions in this form of bias crime over time.     

部队执勤目标与营区防袭击存在的问题及对策

当前,部队执勤目标及营区被袭击事件时有发生。为此,各级领导和广大官兵应充分认清形势与任务,认真查找防袭击存在的问题,加强警惕性教育,完善防袭击机制,强化防袭击训练,提高物防水平,努力实现部队安全稳定。     

袭警罪的刑事立法研究

近年来,我国境内暴力袭警事件频频发生,给人民的生活和社会的稳定带来了极大的危害。刑法作为国家最有强制力和威慑力的法律,理应对此引起足够的重视。从增设袭警罪的理论支撑、各国关于袭警罪的立法现状和我国增设袭警罪的立法构想三个方面看,增设袭警罪已经具有足够的必要性和迫切性。     

“伊斯兰国”对中亚地区的安全威胁:迷思还是现实?

对于"伊斯兰国"是否会对中亚地区安全构成威胁以及这种威胁的程度如何,国内外学术界的看法存在诸多分歧。"伊斯兰国"通过招募中亚地区的人员和对各国的边界进行袭扰,并通过意识形态宣传扩大其价值观在中亚地区的影响力等方式,的确对该地区安全形势带来了一定的冲击。不过,"伊斯兰国"对中亚安全形势的影响是有限的。这主要是因为,"伊斯兰国"在国际反恐联盟的打击下,地面作战部队被限制在叙利亚一伊拉克境内,无法在中亚地区开展直接的攻击。此外,由于中亚伊斯兰特殊的发展经历,使"伊斯兰国"的意识形态在当地缺乏群众基础。这些因素,决定了"伊斯兰国"对中亚安全的影响主要体现在促进该地区部分极端势力思想的进一步激进化或激励部分恐怖分子发起"独狼式"恐怖活动等。随着"伊斯兰国"的战场失利,部分"圣战"分子回流中亚,需要对"伊斯兰国"与中亚安全之间的关联性予以更多关注,并尽早研究对策。     

You've been warned: Consumer liability in Internet banking fraud

This contribution provides a critical analysis of the treatment of consumer liability in cases of Internet banking fraud. Whereas generally banks refund the financial losses associated with Internet banking fraud to the individual victim, exceptions do occur, at least in certain EU jurisdictions. These, however, are rarely spoken about, but do indicate a number of (legal) problems. The main problems are lack of clarity and lack of consistency as to when a consumer can be held liable. These problems also maintain potential negative consequences such as increase in perceived risk, loss of trust and demands for better security, which may be suboptimal from an economical perspective. This article concludes by reflecting on the potential benefits of the introduction of zero liability as an alternative.     

边境地区反恐背景下的基层民警培训研究——以新疆2013年恐怖暴力事件为例

边境地区恐怖暴力事件在案发、形态、背景以及案犯等方面各具特征。基层民警反恐应加强对恐怖信息的发现与追踪缉查、反恐意识的培养、对流动人口的监管及自我防范能力的提高等。基层民警反恐培训应强化反恐意识、明确反恐培训方向、细化培训目标、改革培训教材、创新培训方法及制定培训量化评价标准。     

恐怖犯罪活动的防范处置探究——以昆明“3·01”严重暴力恐怖案件为例

当前的恐怖犯罪活动已成现实威胁,对暴力恐怖犯罪活动以及“三股势力”分裂破坏活动需严厉打击。通过全方位地探析昆明“3·01”严重暴力恐怖案件发生的原因、经过和处置等过程,总结教训,应在工作机制、情报工作、社会管控、应急处置、反恐协作等方面加强探索与研究,以提升公安机关防范、打击和处置暴恐案件的针对性与实效性。     

多点连环式恐怖袭击的防范策略

多点连环式恐怖袭击的袭击目标多、影响范围大,是需要加以重视的一种恐怖袭击类型。通过对GTD数据进行统计分析,指出该类恐怖袭击发案区域广泛主要聚焦于中东和北非等地区,其特点是目标明确、多为团伙作案且使用炸弹袭击方式。文章结合“蜂巢分析法”分析作案模式,总结发案原因,提出加强安防能力、完善情报工作流程的工作措施,以供实战部门进行针对性防控。