实践中的刑事一审期限:期间耗费与功能探寻——以S省两个基层法院为主要样板

透过审限耗费角度的实证研究可以发现,我国基层法院刑事审判程序具有如下特征:庭前程序的"事务化",庭前程序沦为纯粹的案件管理活动;庭审程序的"速审化",庭审时间耗费少,庭审节奏明快;庭后程序的"中心化"与"间隔化"。传统观点认为,我国刑事审限制度具有人权保障和效率提升功能。通过比较和实证的考察发现,我国"贯通式"审限的真实功能为通过监控法官的审理行为,达到塑造与行政化司法制度结构相契合的审理主体的目的。     

Occurrence of contamination by controlled substances in Euro banknotes from the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands

The social problems of drug abuse are a matter of increasing global problem. Nowadays, international agencies need fresh methods to monitor trends of the use of illicit drugs. In this sense, small amounts of drugs are transferred to banknotes and they could be detected and quantified. An analytical procedure based upon extraction with organic solvent, liquid chromatography separation, and mass spectrometric detection allowed the identification of 21 drugs and metabolites in 120 used Euro banknotes collected in the Canary Islands (Spain). Most of the banknotes analyzed showed detectable drug residues (92.5%). Cocaine was the most frequently detected drug, present in approximately 90% of the samples. In addition, 75%, 35%, and 15% of the banknotes showed residues of amphetamine derivatives, opiates, and benzodiazepines, respectively. An average of three drug residues per banknote was detected. In summary, the presence of drug residues in banknotes could be useful as tracer for drugs prevalence.     

Using automated comparisons to quantify handwriting individuality

The proposition that writing profiles are unique is considered a key premise underlying forensic handwriting comparisons. An empirical study cannot validate this proposition because of the impossibility of observing sample documents written by every individual. The goal of this paper is to illustrate what can be stated about the individuality of writing profiles using a database of handwriting samples and an automated comparison procedure. In this paper, we provide a strategy for bounding the probability of observing two writers with indistinguishable writing profiles (regardless of the comparison methodology used) with a random match probability that can be estimated statistically. We illustrate computation of this bound using a convenience sample of documents and an automated comparison procedure based on Pearson's chi-squared statistic applied to frequency distributions of letter shapes extracted from handwriting samples. We also show how this bound can be used when designing an empirical study of individuality.     

不同方式标记非放射性探针原位杂交效果评价

目的比较不同方式标记非放射性探针的原位杂交效果。方法通过两种方法标记地高辛随机引物DNA探针和反意RNA探针,在大鼠损伤模型的皮肤组织上进行原位杂交。结果两种探针均可满足要求,以反意RNA探针在阳性染色深度和背景方面效果更佳。结论RNA探针在杂交效果方面优于DNA探针。     

未决羁押者的劳动权保护:一个宪政维度的分析

在我国刑事诉讼实践中,未决羁押者被强迫劳动、超强度超时间劳动以及克扣劳动报酬等现象较为普遍,有些地方还相当严重.从宪政维度分析,劳动是未决羁押者的权利而非强制性义务;未决羁押者的劳动权是宪法意义上的劳动权而非劳动法意义上的劳动权利;未决羁押者的劳动权既不同于普通社会劳动者,也有别于已被定罪的囚犯,具有相当的特殊性.应当采取有效措施,完善未决羁押者的劳动权保护制度,以提升其整体的权利保障水平.     

RAPD和ISSR分子标记检测大麻的遗传多样性初探

目的利用随机扩增多态性DNA和简单序列重复区间扩增分子标记检测大麻遗传多样性,并探讨其在法医学中的应用价值。方法收集中国4省6个地区的100株大麻叶子样品,采用CTAB法提取基因组DNA,设计选择11个RAPD引物和13个ISSR引物,采用6%中性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳-硝酸银染色法进行检测,根据出现的条带数目和片段大小等分析大麻的多样性。结果 11条RAPD引物扩增出的片段在200bp以上共52条,其中具有多态性的27条;ISSR引物扩增出126条,其中具有多态性的73条;多态性条带比率分别为51.9%和57.9%,其差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 RAPD和ISSR两种方法均可用于大麻遗传多样性分析,对检测毒品原植物的种类和来源地具有一定的应用前景。     

VARIATION IN TRIAL PENALTIES AMONG SERIOUS VIOLENT OFFENSES*

We examine the differences in the sentencing of those who plead guilty and those convicted by jury trial among defendants convicted of serious violent offenses. Drawing from a focal concerns and court communities perspective on court decision making, we develop several hypotheses about jury trial penalties for serious violent offenders, and how such penalties may vary by offense characteristics, defendant characteristics, and court contexts. Our hierarchical models using Pennsylvania sentencing data from 1997 to 2000 reveal that defendants are substantially penalized if they exercise their right to a jury trial and then lose. Furthermore, this jury trial penalty is not evenly assessed, but depends on the seriousness and type of offense, defendant criminal history, and court contextual characteristics such as caseload, court community size, local violent crime rates, and the size of local black populations.