试论如何正确应用DNA证据

拟构建一套正确应用DNA证据的逻辑框架,以避免DNA证据被错误解读和运用,明确法庭科学家和法庭审判者在DNA证据应用中的权责界限,保障事实认定之准确性和司法审判之公正性。提出了以概率统计学为工具,实现从“匹配”到“来源”之逻辑转化的必要性、合理性以及初步构想,并对当下主要的DNA证据解释方法予以分类和评价。     

Development of a Protein‐based Human Identification Capability from a Single Hair

Shed human hair (lacking root nuclear DNA) frequently contributes important information to forensic investigations involving human identification. Detection of genetic variation observed in amino acid sequences of hair proteins provides a new suite of identity markers that augment microscopic hair analysis and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. In this study, a new method that completely dissolves single hairs using a combination of heat, ultrasonication, and surfactants was developed. Dissolved proteins were digested and genetically variant peptide (GVP) profiles were obtained for single hairs (25 mm) via high‐resolution nanoflow liquid chromatography‐based mass spectrometry and a novel exome‐driven bioinformatic approach. Overall, 6519 unique peptides were identified and a total of 57 GVPs were confirmed. Random match probabilities ranged between 2.6 × 10^?2 and 6.0 × 10^?9. The new bioinformatic strategy and ability to analyze GVPs in forensically relevant samples sizes demonstrate applicability of this approach to distinguish individuals in forensic contexts.     

论民事诉讼证明标准之建构

我国民事诉讼中关于“证明标准”的立法规定显得过于粗疏,应进一步建立相对确定的证明标准。在设计证明标准规则体系时,应考虑下列因素:案件的性质;案件的重要性;案件发生的概率和案件证明的难易程度。由于案件的性质不同及处理产生的社会影响不同,我国民事诉讼不应一律实行高度盖然性的证明标准。对于一般民事案件,适用盖然性占优势的证明标准,而对于性质严重的重大和发生概率低的案件一般应适用高度盖然性证明标准。     

Economics of discriminatory sentencing

The legal and social professions have long been concerned with the problem of whether the fact that those incarcerated in prison tend to be drawn from the ranks of the poor unemployed and low social status is indicative of willful discrimination against the underprivileged. In this paper we apply the traditional analytical tools of economics to develop the conditions required for an efficient tradeoff between the probability of conviction and the length of prison sentence for both rich and poor. We show that the generally accepted approach of equal punishment for equal crimes tends to overdeter the rich and underdeter the poor, which results in a gross overrepresentation of the poor in the prison population. In order to eliminate this overrepresentation, the poor must receive a more severe sentence than the rich for an equivalent crime. This appears to contradict normal definitions of equity and we address this issue. We also show that an increase in the total crime budget when used efficiently must always result in longer sentences but can, under appropriate conditions, require a lower probability of apprehension.     

见危不救行为的刑法学、法经济学分析

对应否通过刑罚的手段来遏制见危不救现象,可以从刑法学和法经济学两个角度进行分析。刑法学角度的论述,着重对目前世界上与不真正不作为犯作为义务来源的相关刑事制度以及刑法学说史予以评述,从而得出对将见危不救行为作为一种不真正不作为犯罪予以刑事处罚的否定态度;法经济学角度的论述,通过运用图表阐明犯罪收益与犯罪成本对犯罩概率的影响,从而得出设置"见危不救罪"将使该"罪"的犯罪收益与犯罪成本的比值处于非正常状态,最终将引起"见危不救罪"急剧飙升的结论。     

A statistical approach to aid examiners in the forensic analysis of handwriting

We develop a statistical approach to model handwriting that accommodates all styles of writing (cursive, print, connected print). The goal is to compute a posterior probability of writership of a questioned document given a closed set of candidate writers. Such probabilistic statements can support examiner conclusions and enable a quantitative forensic evaluation of handwritten documents. Writing is treated as a sequence of disjoint graphical structures, which are extracted using an automated and open-source process. The graphs are grouped based on the similarity of their shapes through a K-means clustering template. A person's writing pattern can be characterized by the rate at which graphs are emitted to each cluster. The cluster memberships serve as data for a Bayesian hierarchical model with a mixture component. The rate of mixing between two parameters in the hierarchy indicates writing style.     

论公司法法律规范类型及其适用

公司法兼具强制性和任意性的特点,决定着公司法法律规范中既有强制性规范．又有大量的任意性规范和倡导性规范。如何区分和判别公司法法律规范的类型是公司法实务中面临的首要问题．更是正确适用公司法的前提。判别和适用公司法法律规范,不仅要从法条文意上进行理解,还要结合公司法立法精神、执法理念及相关法条等进行综合分析和判断。     

建构主义学习理论在英语教学中的应用

建构主义学习理论为英语教师提供了很好的借鉴作用。它强调学生的主体地位和教师的指导作用,注重学习情境的真实性、学习的协作性和对意义建构的独立性。这种理论指导下的教学方法——支架式教学、抛锚式教学和随机进入教学,对英语教学有很好的启示作用。     

Texas Population Substructure and Its Impact on Estimating the Rarity of Y STR Haplotypes from DNA Evidence*

Abstract: Three sampled populations of unrelated males—African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic, all from Texas—were typed for 16 Y short tandem repeat (STR) markers using the AmpFlSTR^® Yfiler^TM kit. These samples also were typed previously for the 13 core CODIS autosomal STR loci. Most of the 16 marker haplotypes (2478 out of 2551 distinct haplotypes) were observed only once in the data sets. Haplotype diversities were 99.88%, 99.89%, and 99.87% for the African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic sample populations, respectively. F_ST values were very small when a haplotype comprised 10–16 markers. This suggests that inclusion of substructure correction is not required. However, haplotypes consisting of fewer loci may require the inclusion of F_ST corrections. The testing of independence of autosomal and Y STRs supports the proposition that the frequencies of autosomal and Y STR profiles can be combined using the product rule.     

期待可能性理论的梳理

有必要站在非决定论的立场讨论期待可能性;有关期待可能性的部分观点分歧,缘于在不同意义上使用期待可能性概念;期待可能性虽然在德国受到冷落,但这仅限于故意的作为犯的情形,而且有其特定原因;我国目前应当采取规范责任论,使期待可能性理论发挥应有的作用;缺乏期待可能性既是某些法定的责任阻却事由的根据,也是超法规的责任阻却事由。