空肠弯曲杆菌生物膜的体外形成及鉴定

采用结晶紫染色与正交试验相结合的方法,对空肠弯曲杆菌在不同温度、pH值、气体条件以及不同培养基条件下形成生物膜的能力进行了检测和比较;并以筛选出的最佳培养条件在盖玻片上形成的生物膜为对象,用光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察生物膜的结构。结果显示,在正常气体条件下培养1～3d,生物膜形成水平明显高于其他2种气体条件(P<0.01),4d后3种气体条件下的生物膜形成量均有增加,但3组间差异不显著,说明正常空气组分的条件更有利于生物膜的快速形成,而且37℃、正常空气条件下,在pH7.0的MH肉汤中培养5d,通过显微镜和扫描电镜观察,在盖玻片上可形成典型的、可观测的生物膜结构。     

Occurrence of contamination by controlled substances in Euro banknotes from the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands

The social problems of drug abuse are a matter of increasing global problem. Nowadays, international agencies need fresh methods to monitor trends of the use of illicit drugs. In this sense, small amounts of drugs are transferred to banknotes and they could be detected and quantified. An analytical procedure based upon extraction with organic solvent, liquid chromatography separation, and mass spectrometric detection allowed the identification of 21 drugs and metabolites in 120 used Euro banknotes collected in the Canary Islands (Spain). Most of the banknotes analyzed showed detectable drug residues (92.5%). Cocaine was the most frequently detected drug, present in approximately 90% of the samples. In addition, 75%, 35%, and 15% of the banknotes showed residues of amphetamine derivatives, opiates, and benzodiazepines, respectively. An average of three drug residues per banknote was detected. In summary, the presence of drug residues in banknotes could be useful as tracer for drugs prevalence.     

How Much Time Should the Police Spend at Crime Hot Spots? Answers from a Police Agency Directed Randomized Field Trial in Sacramento,California

Hot spots policing has been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing crime across a number of rigorous evaluations, but despite this strong body of research, there still exist gaps in our knowledge of how officers can best respond to hot spots. We report on a randomized experiment in Sacramento, California that begins to address these gaps by testing the recommendation from prior research that police officers randomly rotate between hot spots, spending about 15?min patrolling in each. Our results suggest significant overall declines in both calls for service and crime incidents in the treatment hot spots relative to the controls. Additionally, the study was carried out primarily by the Sacramento Police Department without any outside funding. In an era of limited economic resources for policing, this experiment suggests a model by which police agencies can take ownership of science and oversee the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based interventions.     

DETERRENCE AND MORAL PERSUASION EFFECTS ON CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE: FINDINGS FROM A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL*

Previous studies on tax compliance have focused primarily on the tax‐reporting behavior of individuals. This study reports results from a randomized field test of the effects of deterrence and moral persuasion on the tax‐reporting behavior of 4,395 corporations in Israel. Two experimental groups received tax letters, one conveying a deterrent message and the other a moral persuasion message. Three types of measures are used to evaluate compliance based on the magnitude of the difference‐in‐differences of means in 1) gross sales values reported to the authority, 2) tax dollars paid to the authority, and 3) tax deductions. Overall, both deterrence and moral persuasion approaches do not produce statistically significant greater compliance compared with control conditions. These results do not support the ability of a policy of sending tax letters to increase substantively the reporting of true tax liability or tax payments by corporations. However, these results also show that moral persuasion can be counterproductive: Corporations in this experimental group show an increase rather than a decrease in tax deductions, which translates into loss of state revenues. The implications for theory, research, and tax policy are discussed.     

Evaluating the Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP): Results from a Randomized Experiment

Using a randomized experimental design, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP), an offender reentry pilot project implemented in 2008. In an effort to reduce recidivism, MCORP attempted to increase offender access to community services and programming by producing greater case management collaboration between caseworkers in prison and supervision agents in the community. The results showed that MCORP significantly improved employment rates, decreased homelessness, broadened offenders’ systems of social support, and increased the extent to which offenders participated in community support programming (mentoring, restorative justice services, and faith‐based programming). The findings further revealed that MCORP significantly reduced all three types of reoffending (rearrest, reconviction, and new offense reincarcerations) but did not have a significant impact on supervision revocations for technical violations. The evidence suggests that MCORP was effective in decreasing reoffending largely because it increased the extent to which offenders were employed, involved in community support programming, and able to develop systems of social support.     

Visualizing Indented Writing on Thermal Paper by the Controlled Application of Heat

Indented writing on thermal paper made with either one, two, or three sheets of paper above the thermal paper has been visualized by the controlled application of heat to the thermal paper at temperatures below the paper's normal color change temperature. Indentations created by applying a variable pressure to a steel letter stamp showed that, with one sheet above the thermal paper, indentations were more visible at lower pressures than with either two or three sheets above. Handwriting from 20 volunteers produced indented writing graded with most of the text clear and easy to read for all samples with one sheet above, half the samples with two sheets above and eight samples with three sheets above. Comparison with ESDA showed that, with three sheets above, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01), with heating producing more samples than ESDA with most of the text clear and easy to read.     

“教、学、练、战”一体化教学模式的研究与实践

政法干警招录培养体制试点改革是司法体制改革的重要组成部分,也是司法行政系统院校加强自身建设,提升办学实力的重要途径.按照《培养体制改革试点工作实施方案》要求,在专业和课程设置上,应突出政法实务方面的教学、实训内容.在培养模式上,以政法业务综合素质培养为基础,以职业精神、基本技能和专业能力教育培养为核心,探索教、学、练、...     

From uninformed to informed choices: Voters,pre-election polls and updating

Pre-election opinion poll results for U.S. presidential contests have large variation in the early parts of the primary campaigns, yet pre-election opinion polls later in the campaign are typically within several percentage points of the actual outcome of the contest in November. This paper argues this trend demonstrates that voters are beginning to poll “correctly” – that is, to ascertain their most-preferred candidate. This convergence process is consistent with boundedly rational voters making decisions with low information. We examine the process by which voters can use opinion polls to guide their candidate choice. We undertake a series of laboratory experiments where uninformed voters choose between two candidates after participating in a series of pre-election polls. We demonstrate that voters update their beliefs about candidate locations using information contained in the opinion polls. We compare two behavioral models for the updating process and find significant evidence to support a boundedly rational Bayesian updating assumption. This assumption about the updating process is key to many theoretical results which argue that voters have the potential to aggregate information via a coordination signal and for their beliefs to converge to the true state of the world. This finding also indicates that uninformed voters are able to use pre-election polls to help them make correct decisions.     

榜样示范在未成年人思想道德建设中的作用

本研究通过自然实验法、座谈讨论法,对榜样示范在未成年人品德形成机制中的作用进行了探讨。结果表明:同伴榜样对于任何年龄组来说,其影响力都是显著的,甚至在一定程度上超过了(声像资料中)社会公众人物的影响力;对于低龄儿童,榜样的影响促使其一般认识水平提升得更快,其相应的具体行为的习得率也较高;对于高年龄组少年来说,更倾向于高级认识水平的提高,公众人物的表率对他们的影响并不显著;在附加因素上,权威的表扬和集体的讨论起到相当的强化作用,即在现实中,同伴的表率与舆论的联合作用,对未成年人的良好品德的养成起重要的推动作用。     

浅析类比推理在侦查中的应用

类比推理是形式逻辑中的一种推理形式 ,在人们对事物的认识中 ,使用之可以为人们提供新知识 ,认识新事物。把类比推理与侦查有效地结合起来 ,能帮助侦查人员把握案情 ,寻找不同案件间的联系 ,搜寻关键证据 ,从而探明案情 ,查出真凶。因此 ,类比推理是侦查中不可或缺的一种思维工具